GU/Endocrine

Question 1

3 types of acute kidney injury

Answer 1

pre-renal

renal or intrinsic

post-renal

Question 2

what causes pre-renal acute kidney injury

Answer 2

hypoperfusion to kidneys

Question 3

what causes intrinsic acute kidney injury

Answer 3

acute tubular necrosis (ATN)

acute interstitial nephritis (AIN)

glomerulonephritis

Question 4

what causes post-renal acute kidney injury

Answer 4

BPH

tumor

Question 5

definition of acute kidney injury

Answer 5

abrupt or rapid decline in renal filtration function

Question 6

what are some examples of nephrotoxic drugs

Answer 6

NSAIDs

digoxin

aminoglycosides

vancomycin

Question 7

urine with muddy brown casts

Answer 7

acute tubular necrosis

Question 8

urine with eosinophiluria & blood eosinophilia

Answer 8

acute interstitial nephritis

Question 9

urine with RBC casts (dimorphic RBC)

Answer 9

glomerulonephritis

Question 10

what are the two main causes of chronic kidney disease?

Answer 10

diabetes and hypertension

Question 11

what type of kidney disease will show small echogenic kidneys < 10 cm

Answer 11

chronic kidney disease

Question 12

signs and symptoms of pyelonephritis

Answer 12

fever

flank pain

shaking chills

urinary symptoms

Question 13

what will the urine show in somebody with pyelonephritis

Answer 13

pyuria

WBC casts

Question 14

most common causative agent of acute cystitis

Answer 14

E. coli

Question 15

what will the urine show in somebody with acute cystitis

Answer 15

positive nitrites

positive leukocyte esterase

Question 16

what will the urine show in somebody with a kidney stone

Answer 16

gross hematuria

Question 17

sudden uncontrollable urge leads to leakage

Answer 17

urge incontinence

Question 18

treatment for urge incontinence

Answer 18

anticholinergics

Question 19

leakage with cough, sneeze, exertion

Answer 19

stress incontinence

Question 20

treatment for stress incontinence

Answer 20

kegel exercise, estrogen, anticholinergics, surgical repair

Question 21

urinary retention with intermittent leakage from over distended bladder

Answer 21

overflow incontinence

Question 22

treatment for overflow incontinence

Answer 22

foley catheter is both diagnostic and therapeutic

Question 23

are hyaline casts normal or abnormal in a urinalysis?

Answer 23

normal

Question 24

some etiologies of erectile dysfunction

Answer 24

diabetes

vascular disease

neurogenic

endocrine

medications

Question 25

main class of medication used to treat erectile dysfunction

Answer 25

PDE-5 inhibitors

Question 26

major contraindication of PDE-5 inhibitors

Answer 26

concurrent use of nitroglyceric or nitrates

Question 27

signs and symptoms of acute bacterial prostatitis

Answer 27

perineal, sacral, or suprapubic pain fever irritative voiding complaints

Question 28

etiologies of acute bacterial prostatitis

Answer 28

E. coli pseudomonoas

Question 29

what is the most common benign tumor in men

Answer 29

benign prostatic hyperplasia

Question 30

medications used to treat symptoms of BPH

Answer 30

alpha blockers 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors

Question 31

collection of fluid between two layers of tunica vaginalis

Answer 31

hydrocele

Question 32

how is a hydrocele diagnosed

Answer 32

transilluminate to confirm mass is fluid-filled

Question 33

"bag of worms"

Answer 33

varicocele - engorgement of internal spermatic veins

Question 34

most common cause of epididymitis in men \< 40yrs

Answer 34

STDs: chlamydia, neisseria

Question 35

most common cause of epididymitis in men \> 40 yrs

Answer 35

gram negative rods (E. coli)

Question 36

will Prehn's sign be positive or negative with epididymitis

Answer 36

positive (elevation of the scrotum improves pain)

Question 37

acute onset of testicular pain N/V high-riding testis loss of cremasteric reflex

Answer 37

testicular torsion

Question 38

testicular torsion is most common in what age?

Answer 38

early puberty

Question 39

how is testicular torsion diagnosed

Answer 39

doppler ultrasound

Question 40

most common noncutaneous cancer in adult US males

Answer 40

prostate cancer

Question 41

most common type of bladder cancer

Answer 41

transitional cell carcinoma (\> 95%)

Question 42

most common risk factor for bladder cancer

Answer 42

smoking

Question 43

most common renal tumor

Answer 43

renal cell carcinoma

Question 44

risk factor for testicular tumors

Answer 44

cryptorchidism

Question 45

3 causes of orchitis

Answer 45

1. mumps 2. gonorrhea 3. chlamydia