Guest lectures Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
Ashley Tripp-Atlantic Cod of Newfoundland: How are crayfish studies carried out?
A
Put into different little chambers to determine how the crayfish are affected by different levels of CO2 in the water
2
Q
Ashley Tripp-Atlantic Cod of Newfoundland: Why are crayfishs’ levels of CO2 measured?
A
- to see how different levels of CO2 affect their stress levels in the water
- changes in regulation of their gills
- correlates with climate change
3
Q
Ashley Tripp-Atlantic Cod of Newfoundland: What happened to the cod’s population in 1990? What has this affected?
A
- collapse of population, still have not recovered
- when cod population declines, seal’s population increases
4
Q
Ashley Tripp-Atlantic Cod of Newfoundland: Since 75% of the cod’s diet is capelin, what would be assumed? What is the reality?
A
- their population should increase when cod went very low, but that’s not what happened
- part of a very complex food web
- only ones in the middle of the food chain = “Wasp Waist” is the Capelin
- There will always be another predator to eat them
5
Q
Ashley Tripp-Atlantic Cod of Newfoundland: What is the life history of the capelin?
A
- Egg, larvae, metamorphosis, juvenile, adult
- Mortality (most) happens when they are younger
- as they get older, their life expectancy increases
- More larvae=more adults that will survive (correlated)
- BUT, more eggs does not mean more larvae!!!
- Year class strength determined by 2 weeks post-hatch
- Short lived fish=only a few year classes
- High natural fluctuations in population size (+ or - 40 percent)
- **Spawning Habitat quality is what is dependent on whether their will be high survivorship or not
6
Q
Ashley Tripp-Atlantic Cod of Newfoundland: More larvae means more ______, but more eggs does not mean more _________ for capelin.
A
adults
larvae
7
Q
Ashley Tripp-Atlantic Cod of Newfoundland: What is the capein’s high survivorship or mortality dependent on?
A
spawning habitat quality
8
Q
Ashley Tripp-Atlantic Cod of Newfoundland: How do capelin spawn?
A
- males release sperm in the water
- females release eggs and stick to sediment
9
Q
Ashley Tripp-Atlantic Cod of Newfoundland: How are capelin’s spawning habitats chosen?
A
- suitable sediment
- temperature (2-12 degrees)
10
Q
Ashley Tripp-Atlantic Cod of Newfoundland: Where do capelin usually reside and where do they go to spawn?
A
- stay in the beach then move into deeper waters during the summer to spawn
- females don’t throw all their eggs into one spawning site, they have multiple
11
Q
Ashley Tripp-Atlantic Cod of Newfoundland: How do capelin eggs develop?
A
- delayed development depending on the temperature
- high temperatures=hatch earlier
- colder temperatures=delayed hatching
12
Q
Ashley Tripp-Atlantic Cod of Newfoundland: What are larval tows used to figure out?
A
- Larval densities
- Larval prey densities (zooplankton)
- Predator densities
13
Q
Ashley Tripp-Atlantic Cod of Newfoundland: What are beach cores used for?
A
- Egg densities
- Developmental stage
- Environmental conditions
14
Q
Ashley Tripp-Atlantic Cod of Newfoundland: What is impacting capelin populations?
A
- Predators
- Spawning habitat qualities
- Temperature
- Prey
- Fisheries
15
Q
Ashley Tripp-Atlantic Cod of Newfoundland: As body size of larvae increases, what happens to mortality?
A
- bigger is better
- larval mortality decreases as body size increases
16
Q
Ashley Tripp-Atlantic Cod of Newfoundland: What does a later spawning time mean for the offspring of capelin?
A
- Less time to gain critical mass for the overwintering
- Longer time spent in the egg developing = decreased survival
17
Q
Ashley Tripp-Atlantic Cod of Newfoundland: How does climate change affect capelin populations?
A
-there may no longer be any beach spawning due to being too hot for the eggs
18
Q
Ashley Tripp-Atlantic Cod of Newfoundland: When higher trophic level fish becomes less abundant, we tend to do what?
A
we fish down the food chain
19
Q
Ashley Tripp-Atlantic Cod of Newfoundland: What percentage of the biomass of the spawning stock should only be fished?
A
only 10% of biomass
20
Q
Ashley Tripp-Atlantic Cod of Newfoundland: How can fish be aged?
A
using the otolith, a fish’s ear bone
21
Q
Ashley Tripp-Atlantic Cod of Newfoundland: What does the larval otolith provide information about?
A
- age of the fish (counting rings in the bone)
- proxy for environmental conditions
- chemical signatures
22
Q
Ashley Tripp-Atlantic Cod of Newfoundland: What does the adult otolith provide information about?
A
- microchem using laser ablation (production of individuals to the spawning stock biomass, the degree of exchange of individuals among geographically separated regions)
- can find important levels of concentrations of different elements/molecules
23
Q
Ashley Tripp-Atlantic Cod of Newfoundland: How are whales identified?
A
- by unique markings on their tails (take pictures)
- whales are tagged on just before the dorsal fin
24
Q
Ashley Tripp-Atlantic Cod of Newfoundland: Tagging whales allows us to collect what kind of information?
A
- record sound
- see what they are seeing
- see their food
- see their interactions
- see where they are in the water column
- gauge reaction to the tag
25
Dr. Olwyn Friesen-Parasite ecology: What is a parasite?
- most common way of life
- consumer strategy
- fifty percent or more of organisms on earth are parasites
- have key roles in ecological and evolutionary processes
26
Dr. Olwyn Friesen-Parasite ecology: Where do parasites live and what do they feed on?
- lives at least part of life cycle on or within a host
| - obtain nutritional requirements or needs from host, which has a net detrimental impact on the host
27
Dr. Olwyn Friesen-Parasite ecology: Predator vs parasite definitions
Predator: feeds on the principal
Parasite: feeds on the interest
28
Dr. Olwyn Friesen-Parasite ecology: Pathogen definition
- an agent that causes disease in a host
| - ex) viruses, bacteria and sometimes prions
29
Dr. Olwyn Friesen-Parasite ecology: Disease definition
Host response to infection (internal) or infestation (external)
30
Dr. Olwyn Friesen-Parasite ecology: Biodiversity of parasites?
- 77000 species of endohelminths (nematodes) which parasitize forty-five thousand known species of vertebrates
- 30000 parasites, equivalent to number of species of plants
31
Dr. Olwyn Friesen-Parasite ecology: What are the three types of parasites?
1) microparasites
2) macroparasites
3) ectoparasites
32
Dr. Olwyn Friesen-Parasite ecology: How are parasites transmitted?
- By contamination
- transmitted through the trophic levels
- definitive hosts
- intermediate hosts
33
Dr. Olwyn Friesen-Parasite ecology: How are parasites connected to ecology?
Interactions between parasites (or pathogens), hosts and their biotic and biotic environments
34
Dr. Olwyn Friesen-Parasite ecology: What are the different types of interactions seen?
- individual to individual (territory, home range)
- species to species (predator-prey)
- species to abiotic components (soil, topography)
35
Dr. Olwyn Friesen-Parasite ecology: What are some direct effects of parasites?
cause disease that can lead to death, mutations, premature aging, alterations to energy use and decreased fecundity
36
Dr. Olwyn Friesen-Parasite ecology: Are parasites a food source?
- yes important food source
| - parasites are highly productive and their biomass exceeds the apex of predators
37
Dr. Olwyn Friesen-Parasite ecology: How do parasites regulate host populations?
- affect their genetic diversity
- one parasite can have different impacts on different hosts
- impact and change competitive interactions
- change a host’s behaviour to reduce the chance of being consumed by a “dead end” host
- change a host’s behaviour to increase transmission to the next host or complete life cycle
- impact microhabitat choice
- create population cycles
38
Dr. Olwyn Friesen-Parasite ecology: Generalist parasite definition
Can have multiple different hosts
39
Dr. Olwyn Friesen-Parasite ecology: What is an example of a parasite that can change a host’s behaviour to increase transmission to the next host or complete its lifecycle?
Parasite infects the mouse’s behaviour to get it to approach the cat in order to increase the chances of the mouse being eaten by the cat to then be infected by the parasite
40
Dr. Olwyn Friesen-Parasite ecology: What is an example of a parasite that creates population cycles?
removing parasites caused the grouse’s population that was previously cycling dramatically to now level off at a high population size
41
Dr. Olwyn Friesen-Parasite ecology: How do wolves reduce their parasite loads?
- using alternative prey reduces parasite loads
| - wolves are transmitting less parasites to the environment
42
Dr. Olwyn Friesen-Parasite ecology: What happens when you add parasites to the food web of primary produces and free-living consumers?
Adding parasites to this system increases the number of interactions of the food web and further adds to its complexity
43
Dr. Olwyn Friesen-Parasite ecology: Communities definition
Species that live in a specific location and interactions among these species
44
Dr. Olwyn Friesen-Parasite ecology: Parasites influence ________ of the community (shape community).
Composition
45
Dr. Olwyn Friesen-Parasite ecology: How do trophic cascades occur?
- parasites regulate host populations through sudden epidemics spread from reservoir hosts
- eradication of the parasite can lead to trophic cascades
- populations of carnivores increases, productivity of grasses decreases
46
Dr. Olwyn Friesen-Parasite ecology: Ecosystem engineers definition and example
- Any organism that creates, significantly modifies, maintains or destroys a habitat
- ex) beaver
47
Dr. Olwyn Friesen-Parasite ecology: True or false? Parasites have the potential to be involved in all types of ecosystem interactions.
True
48
Dr. Olwyn Friesen-Parasite ecology: True or false? Parasites don’t make a difference in the food web or in ecology.
False. They do make a difference and have to be included in ecology!
49
Reid Miller-Little “Bugs” on the Prairie (Entomology): Why are the prairies an endangered ecosystem?
- once a vast landscape
- fire and lightning, grazing
- only a small amount of the former range remains
- decline continues
50
Reid Miller-Little “Bugs” on the Prairie (Entomology): What is th Manitoba Tall Grass Prairie Preserve?
- home to endangered flora and fauna
| - prevents encroachment of wood shrubs and Aspen trees
51
Reid Miller-Little “Bugs” on the Prairie (Entomology): ________ perform a host of tasks to benefit landscapes and humans.
Insects
52
Reid Miller-Little “Bugs” on the Prairie (Entomology): What two insects are important for pollination?
Flies and bees (central place foragers, more indicative of the environment)
53
Reid Miller-Little “Bugs” on the Prairie (Entomology): Families of bees, Apidae
- bumble bee and carpenter bees
- long-tongued
- eusocial
- solitary
54
Reid Miller-Little “Bugs” on the Prairie (Entomology): Definition of eusocial
Bees that have division of labour (workers and queens)
55
Reid Miller-Little “Bugs” on the Prairie (Entomology): Family of bees, Megachilidae
- leafcutter, mason, resin bees
- long-tongued
- largest of all bees
- no eusociality
- cuckoo bee gets nutrients from host bee’s nest and lays its eggs in the host’s place
56
Reid Miller-Little “Bugs” on the Prairie (Entomology): Family of bees, Halictidae
- sweat bee
- short-tongued
- diverse sociality
- generalists
- attracted to salts produced in sweat
57
Reid Miller-Little “Bugs” on the Prairie (Entomology): Family of bees, Andrenidae
- mining bees
- short-tongued
- solitary or communal ground nesters
- specialists
- two antenna sutures
58
Reid Miller-Little “Bugs” on the Prairie (Entomology): Family of bees, Colletidae
- masked bees
- short-tongued
- most diverse in southern Hemisphere
- solitary
- carry pollen/nectar in specialized crop
59
Reid Miller-Little “Bugs” on the Prairie (Entomology): Family of bees, Melittidae
- oil-collecting bees
- short-tongued
- sister group to all other bees
- specialists
60
Reid Miller-Little “Bugs” on the Prairie (Entomology): Some insects acquire nutrition from what other type of system?
- decomposition
- insects that feed directly on rotting substrate
- feed on fungus on the substrate
61
Reid Miller-Little “Bugs” on the Prairie (Entomology): What is the most speciose animal family? What are some key characteristics of this family?
- Staphyliniformia (Rove beetles)
- most have shortened elytra that expose the abdomen
- super diverse in appearances
- complex wing folding
- used in biodiversity studies
62
Reid Miller-Little “Bugs” on the Prairie (Entomology): Name some examples of subfamilies found in the large and diverse family Staphyliniformia (rove beetles).
- Staphylininae: large rove beetles, agile predators
- Paederinae: major pest in developing countries, if crushed they let out fumes that can cause blisters on human skin
- Omaliinae: ocellated rove beetles, some switched to pollen feeding
- Micropeplinae: feed on fungal spores, very small
- Aleocharinae: most speciose subfamily, kill house flies
- Steninae: have special gland that reduces surface tensions of water=water skaters, largest genus in animal kingdom
63
Reid Miller-Little “Bugs” on the Prairie (Entomology): What are the Silphidae-Carrion beetles?
-attracted to carrion/carnivore dung
64
Reid Miller-Little “Bugs” on the Prairie (Entomology): What are the Liodidae-round funds beetles?
- attracted to fungus and decaying matter
| - one species is ectoparasitic
65
Reid Miller-Little “Bugs” on the Prairie (Entomology): What are the Ptiliidae-featherwing beetles?
- smallest of all beetles
- fungal feeders on decaying matter
- unique fringed wings
66
Reid Miller-Little “Bugs” on the Prairie (Entomology): What are the Hydrophilidae-water scavenger beetles?
Most aquatic beetles
67
Reid Miller-Little “Bugs” on the Prairie (Entomology): What are the Histeridae-clown beetles?
- round and compact
- predatory
- put in chicken coops to cut down fly populations
68
Reid Miller-Little “Bugs” on the Prairie (Entomology): What are the Scarabaeidae-scarab beetles?
- some of the largest and most familiar
| - worshipped in ancient Egypt
69
Reid Miller-Little “Bugs” on the Prairie (Entomology): What methods are used to catch bees?
- passive sampling
- coloured bee bowls to attract different species of bees at groun and vegetation height
- blue vane traps
70
Reid Miller-Little “Bugs” on the Prairie (Entomology): What methods are used to catch beetles?
- passive sampling
- baited pitfall traps using cow dung as bait
- measure decomposition of cow pats per site and weighed periodically
- Latin square pitfall trap arrangement
71
Reid Miller-Little “Bugs” on the Prairie (Entomology): What were the results of his experiments?
- species richness is affected by different environments but not in bee abundance
- bees have no indicator species
72
Reid Miller-Little “Bugs” on the Prairie (Entomology): What is his next step in his research?
Incorporate a map into a model
73
Reid Miller-Little “Bugs” on the Prairie (Entomology): Which beetle species is at risk?
Staphylinus ornaticauda are flightless
74
Reid Miller-Little “Bugs” on the Prairie (Entomology): What is the significance and impact of his research?
- ecological function
- incorporating new policies
- different guides
75
Dr. Jane Waterman-What makes a squirrel tick? Sociality in a southern African ground squirrel: True or false? Most organisms are solitary.
True
76
Dr. Jane Waterman-What makes a squirrel tick? Sociality in a southern African ground squirrel: Definition of adaptation
Adaptation: inheritable characteristics or behaviours that gives the individual an advantage (reproductively) over others with different inherited abilities
77
Dr. Jane Waterman-What makes a squirrel tick? Sociality in a southern African ground squirrel: Definition of natural selection
Wanting your genes in the next generation
78
Dr. Jane Waterman-What makes a squirrel tick? Sociality in a southern African ground squirrel: Name the benefits of grouping.
1) finding food
2) cooperative defence of territory
3) thermoregulation
4) detection and defence against predators
79
Dr. Jane Waterman-What makes a squirrel tick? Sociality in a southern African ground squirrel: What are the costs of grouping?
1) increased conspicuousness
2) increased competition for resources
3) increased disease and parasites
80
Dr. Jane Waterman-What makes a squirrel tick? Sociality in a southern African ground squirrel: All 40 species of ground squirrels had a common ancestor so how did they become social? What differs in their environment? Based on these questions, which hypothesis tries to answer these?
- hypothesis: sociality has evolved due to hibernation
- solitary species disperse in the summer
- females that allow their offspring to stay with them gave them a higher chance of survival and this created sociality
81
Dr. Jane Waterman-What makes a squirrel tick? Sociality in a southern African ground squirrel: Why are the Cape ground squirrels being studied? What is being collected from them?
- non-hibernating so should be non-social according to hypothesis
- are easy to trap and mark
- used to collect body mass, reproductive condition, parasites, fecal samples
- easy to record their behaviour
82
Dr. Jane Waterman-What makes a squirrel tick? Sociality in a southern African ground squirrel: The Cape ground squirrels have what type of observed behaviour?
- live in open areas
- strictly diurnal (awake during the day)
- highly social, as social as most North American squirrels
83
Dr. Jane Waterman-What makes a squirrel tick? Sociality in a southern African ground squirrel: What is seen in female social groups of the Cape ground squirrels?
- young females remain in burrow area of birth, males leave
- share sleeping burrows and home range (not territorial)
- care for each other’s offspring
- their reproductive success increases with larger group size
84
Dr. Jane Waterman-What makes a squirrel tick? Sociality in a southern African ground squirrel: Why is grouping seen in some squirrels?
1) are herbivores
2) not territorial
3) social year round
4) vigilance
85
Dr. Jane Waterman-What makes a squirrel tick? Sociality in a southern African ground squirrel: What is the dilution effect? (One of the models of individual vigilance tests)
- part of the crowd
- individual vigilance decreases with group size
- bigger the crowd, the smaller the chance of being eaten
86
Dr. Jane Waterman-What makes a squirrel tick? Sociality in a southern African ground squirrel: What is collection detection? (One of the models of individual vigilance tests)
- many eyes
- individual vigilance decreases with group size
- group vigilance increases with group size
- bigger the group, the greater the chance of the individual spotting the predator and sounding the alarm
87
Dr. Jane Waterman-What makes a squirrel tick? Sociality in a southern African ground squirrel: Why do bigger groups eventually split?
- juvenile survival vs group size (when there is a predator, everyone runs so slowest ones get eaten which is usually the youngest since are the slowest)
- competition for resources
- larger group needs larger range
- increase in parasites
88
Dr. Jane Waterman-What makes a squirrel tick? Sociality in a southern African ground squirrel: What was observed regarding females, parasites and large group sizes of squirrels?
- removing parasites from females during research resulted in an increase in their body mass
- no relationship between ectoparasites and large group sizes (females groom themselves and everyone else so parasites aren’t important)
89
Dr. Jane Waterman-What makes a squirrel tick? Sociality in a southern African ground squirrel: What happened when Dr. Waterman removed ectoparasites and endoparasites?
- adult female had no mass change
| - had 4x more babies than those with parasites
90
Dr. Jane Waterman-What makes a squirrel tick? Sociality in a southern African ground squirrel: Which have a higher load of ectoparasites?
Male squirrels
91
Dr. Jane Waterman-What makes a squirrel tick? Sociality in a southern African ground squirrel: What is the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis?
- there is a trade-off seen in male squirrels regarding their testosterone levels and immune system
- only males in really good condition can afford to invest in reproduction and deal with lowered immunity and higher parasite load
- bigger testes=more testosterone=more parasites
92
Dr. Jane Waterman-What makes a squirrel tick? Sociality in a southern African ground squirrel: What is the cost of grouping for male squirrels?
Increased competition for mates
93
Dr. Jane Waterman-What makes a squirrel tick? Sociality in a southern African ground squirrel: How do male squirrels group together?
- live in all male bands
- up to 19 males
- are all unrelated
- share their home range (not territorial)
94
Dr. Jane Waterman-What makes a squirrel tick? Sociality in a southern African ground squirrel: How does a male squirrel compete?
- aggression and fighting is rare
- linear dominance hierarchy (not based on size but age)
- dominant males find more estrous (in heat) females
95
Dr. Jane Waterman-What makes a squirrel tick? Sociality in a southern African ground squirrel: How do the Cape ground squirrels reproduce?
- females mate with multiple males (4 to 10 males in 3 hours)
- sperm competition where sperm of different males compete in uterus of the female
- need to look at genetics to see who the dad is
- scrotal size 20 percent head-body length
- selects for larger testes and leads to increased parasites
96
Dr. Jane Waterman-What makes a squirrel tick? Sociality in a southern African ground squirrel: What behaviour in Cape ground squirrels seem to counter sperm competition? Why do they do this behaviour?
- masturbate orally to ejaculation
- may be related to intense sperm competition?
- decreases STIs
- occurs after copulation with females
- a thorough means of grooming (to reduce chances of disease due to female having many sexual encounters)
97
Dr. Jane Waterman-What makes a squirrel tick? Sociality in a southern African ground squirrel: In summary, what is the primary benefit and cost of grouping in Cape ground squirrels?
Benefit: antipredator
Cost: parasites
98
Laura Bliss-Biophysical characteristics underlying the spatial distribution of marine predators in Atlantic Canada and the California Current: How is marine energy flow transferred? What would happen if this element were to be removed?
- forage fish are the connection between higher an lower trophic levels
- if removed, you will have problems in the food web
99
Laura Bliss-Biophysical characteristics underlying the spatial distribution of marine predators in Atlantic Canada and the California Current: What is the ideal free distribution theory?
- mobile predators will distribute themselves among prey patches to equalize prey intake
- high density of predators=lots of prey
100
Laura Bliss-Biophysical characteristics underlying the spatial distribution of marine predators in Atlantic Canada and the California Current: Give an example of the central place foraging theory
Breeding seabirds are tied to a nest or burrow and will select larger higher quality prey to maximize their energy
101
Laura Bliss-Biophysical characteristics underlying the spatial distribution of marine predators in Atlantic Canada and the California Current: What is her objective?
- look at predator hotspots
- look at top predators that are very visible and look at habitat variables (depth, distance to shore)
- look at relationship with prey
102
Laura Bliss-Biophysical characteristics underlying the spatial distribution of marine predators in Atlantic Canada and the California Current: Where do the capelin of Newfoundland spawn? Why is this important?
- in deeper water (40 m deep)sites which attracts a lot of predators
- come back every year to spawn here
- important for ecosystem energy flow
103
Laura Bliss-Biophysical characteristics underlying the spatial distribution of marine predators in Atlantic Canada and the California Current: What is an important component of her research about the capelin of Newfoundland?
Depth
104
Laura Bliss-Biophysical characteristics underlying the spatial distribution of marine predators in Atlantic Canada and the California Current: How did she try to create a habitat model of where the Capelin spawn and where the whales are located?
Interview fishermen to find out how spawning has changed and where the whales go
105
Laura Bliss-Biophysical characteristics underlying the spatial distribution of marine predators in Atlantic Canada and the California Current: What result did she find when observing the habitat model of capelin?
There is a high risk of oil spills by the spawning deep sites of capelin (where lots of boats carrying oil pass by)
106
Laura Bliss-Biophysical characteristics underlying the spatial distribution of marine predators in Atlantic Canada and the California Current: What prediction did she make regarding predators and capelin spawning sites?
prediction that more predators are attracted to capelin spawning sites
107
Laura Bliss-Biophysical characteristics underlying the spatial distribution of marine predators in Atlantic Canada and the California Current: What is the California current?
in summer, there are upwelling and winter there is downwelling
108
Laura Bliss-Biophysical characteristics underlying the spatial distribution of marine predators in Atlantic Canada and the California Current: Where is there a knowledge gap in spatial distribution of marine organisms?
During the winter season
109
Laura Bliss-Biophysical characteristics underlying the spatial distribution of marine predators in Atlantic Canada and the California Current: Definition of planktivorous?
Highly connected to ocean microorganisms
110
Laura Bliss-Biophysical characteristics underlying the spatial distribution of marine predators in Atlantic Canada and the California Current: What hypothesis was made regarding population densities and the seasons?
Density hotspots change between seasons
111
Laura Bliss-Biophysical characteristics underlying the spatial distribution of marine predators in Atlantic Canada and the California Current: What is the status of whales in regards to extinction?
- threatened in Canada along urban coasts
| - endangered in Canada and US for those that do not live along the urban coasts
112
Laura Bliss-Biophysical characteristics underlying the spatial distribution of marine predators in Atlantic Canada and the California Current: What was observed regarding seabirds compared to whales?
Lots of seabirds but not many killer whale sitings
113
Laura Bliss-Biophysical characteristics underlying the spatial distribution of marine predators in Atlantic Canada and the California Current: Resident killer whale only eats salmon. What is the problem with this?
Salmon is also an endangered species due to relying on forage fish
114
Laura Bliss-Biophysical characteristics underlying the spatial distribution of marine predators in Atlantic Canada and the California Current: What kind of bird was used to try and find killer whales?
- Murres were used
| - if there’s a whole bunch of birds feeding in an area there must be lots of prey (high quality prey patch?)
115
Laura Bliss-Biophysical characteristics underlying the spatial distribution of marine predators in Atlantic Canada and the California Current: What were the results found in all of her research on whales?
- depth is really important to the model for killer whales
- whales stay in a certain window of depth
- sightings of murre and killer whales are random and maybe even repelled
- whales can be found in Strait of Juan de Fula between Washington and Vancouver
116
Laura Bliss-Biophysical characteristics underlying the spatial distribution of marine predators in Atlantic Canada and the California Current: What happened to the whales being captures for places like SeaWorld?
-forty five whales being captured and 13 died during capture
117
Laura Bliss-Biophysical characteristics underlying the spatial distribution of marine predators in Atlantic Canada and the California Current: Why is the whale’s critical habitat during the winter unable to be observed by scientists?
- since not being able to get to their habitat by boat
| - unable to pass through due to fallen trees, ice, rocks...
