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Anatomy > Gut > Flashcards

Gut Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

Where does mid gut develop from

A

Yolk sac

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2
Q

Where does hindgut develop from

A

Allantois

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3
Q

What structures form placenta in mammals

A

Chorion, allantois

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4
Q

How many fetal membranes are there in reptiles, birds and mammals

A

4

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5
Q

What is parietal peritoneum derived from

A

Somatic lateral plate mesoderm

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6
Q

Gut muscle and visceral peritoneum origin

A

Splanchnic lat plate mesoderm

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7
Q

What nerve supplies greater curvature

A

Dorsal vagus

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8
Q

What nerve supplies the lesser curvature

A

Ventral vagus

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9
Q

Sympathetic supply to gut

A

Greater splanchnic T12, T13, L1, L2
Lesser splanchnic and lumbar splanchnic (L4-L6)
To coeliac and cr and cd mesenteric ganglion

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10
Q

Parasympathetic supply to gut

A

Dorsal and ventral vagus to stomach, and dorsal coeliac and cr. mesenteric ganglion. Pelvic plexus- hypogastric to hindgut and cd. Mesenteric ganglion

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11
Q

Diaphragmatic hernias

A

Pleuroperitoneal hernia

Peritoneo- pericardial hernia

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12
Q

Oesophagus structure

A

Mostly loose adventitial connective tissue coat
2/3 striated, caudal 1/3 smooth
In cattle and dogs- all striated
Inner circular and outer longitudinal near stomach
Submucosa with Muscularis mucosae
Stratified squamous mucosa

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13
Q

How is oesophagus attached to larynx

A

Crico- oesophageal tendon

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14
Q

Regurgitation

A

Passive expelling of food from oesophagus , delayed ejection of undigested food

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15
Q

Vomiting

A

Active emptying of gastric contents

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16
Q

Mega oesophagus

A

Congenital or acquired swollen oesophagus, eg myasthenia gravis

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17
Q

Visceral surface

A

Towards other organs

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18
Q

Parietal surface

A

Away from organs (towards diaphragm/ lung)

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19
Q

Stomach muscle layers

A 
Outer longitudinal
Middle circular (most complete, only layer along lesser curvature)
Inner oblique (fans out of cardia, doesn’t cover lsr curvature and pylorus)
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20
Q

Cardiac glands

A

Mucus

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21
Q

Proper gastric glands

A

Pepsin, HCl, mucus

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22
Q

Pyloric glands

A

Mucus

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23
Q

Gastric pit cells and location

A

Neck: foveolar cells (mucus)
Intermediate: parietal/ oxyntic cells (HCl)
Deep: chief cells (pepsinogen)

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24
Q

Dog liver impressions

A

Stomach, duodenum, r kidney

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25
Pig liver impressions
Stomach, duodenum
26
Ox impressions on liver
Omasum, reticulum, r kidney
27
Horse liver impressions
Stomach, r kidney, caecum apex, diaphragmatic flexure, RDC
28
Regions of ascending colon in ruminants
Anna proximolar Anna spiralis Anna distalis
29
Junction between rabbit caecum and ascending colon
Sacculus rotundus going into ampulla
30
Why do cattle eructate
Produce up to 50l of CH4 per hour- must be eructated
31
Conditions of rumen
pH 5.5-7 Temp: 37 Osmolality: 300mOsm/kg Anaerobic
32
Simple products of fermentation
Acetate, propionate, butyrate, lactate, methane
33
Buffers in saliva
HCO3 -, HPO4 2- pH 8.2 Also has mucin to prevent frothy bloat
34
Main salivary supply
Parotid (50%) | Submandibular, sublinguinal
35
What stimulates salivary flow
Roughage over concentrates
36
Control of flow of saliva
Continuous in ruminants ANS- Ach Protein from symp ANS (NA and beta adrenoreceptors) Blood flow by parasympathetic and inhibited by sympathetic (NA alpha adrenoreceptors)
37
Parotid and ventral buccaneers saliva
salts, buffers and water Serous and continuous Dense cytoplasm
38
Submandibular saliva
Protein (mucins) Foamy appearance Mixed, discontinuous
39
Chemoreceptors in mouth innervation
Low pH, via glossopharyngeal and vagus
40
Main three VFAs produced
70 % Acetate, 20% proprionate, 10% butyrate
41
Nitrogen metabolism in ruminants
Main protein source is microbial protein Microbes use NPN (non protein nitrogen- if urea, nitrate)- converted to NH3 Urea enters via saliva or ruminal epithelium Excess ammonia absorbed by host, detoxified, converted to urea (N cycling)
42
Vitamins needed in ruminant diet
A,D,E (can make B and K)
43
Loss of vitamin A in food
Lost from herbiage by oxidation
44
Vitamin E loss
Low after hay making
45
Inhibition of vitamin k
Dicoumarol in mouldy sweet clover
46
B vitamin deficiency symptoms
Thiaminese in bracken and fish livers
47
Fog fever
Acute bovine pulmonary oedema and interstitial emphysema - lush forage rich in tryptophan leading to lung damage
48
Functions of compound stomach
Reticulorumen: digests cellulose, carbs, absorbs VFAs and water, synthesise nutrients, ie b vitamins, microbial protein Omasum: further absorption of water and VFAs Abomasum: sim to simple stomachs
49
Factors increasing reticulorumen contractions
Tactile stimulation of cr-do RR, oesophagus Reticulum, RR fold distension Abomasal acidification All via vagus sensory
50
Decreasing RR contractions
Abomasal/ ruminal distension Pyloric manipulation All via splanchnic sensory innervation
51
Advantages of hindgut fermentation
Avoid losses associated with foregut fermentation before conventional digestion Rapid transit time for food
52
Foregut advantages
Availability of microbial proteins More complete digestion of fibre Can live off poorer diet
53
Where do gastric ulcer lesions occur
Squamous mucosa next to Margo plicatus
54
Slow wave propogation
Initiated orally, propagate aborally
55
Spiking potentials
Addditional excitatory input from enteric/ autonomous nervous system allowing threshold potentials to be reached. Usually superimposed on slow waves at peak of slow wave
56
MMC phases (horses)
Migrating Myoelectric complex Phase 1: no spike potentials/ contractions Phase 2: intermittent spike potentials Phase 3: regular spiking activity Phase 4: rapidly diminishing contractile activity
57
Pacemaker area in horse
Pelvic flexure (Also site of compaction)
58
Ileus
Impairment of transit of gastrointestinal contents | One of most commonly encountered complications of equine GI surgery
59
Laminitis cause (large intestine)
Carb overload- gut microflaura overloaded and produce toxins.
60
Large intestine and caecum function horses
LI has no mucosal enzymes or AT mechanisms- digestion of residual carbs relies on microbial fermentation and absorption of products of this Many VFAs made in caecum and LI, most absorbed and converted to glucose or fat
61
Why might ponies get transient circulatory hypovolemia
Eating large concentrate meals infrequently- increased secretion of GI fluids
62
Large intestinal disorder symptoms
Diarrhoea, no weight loss
63
Small intestine malabsorption symptoms
Weight loss w no diarrhoea
64
Why should exercise be delayed after a large meal in horses?
1. Large amount of material in stomach, SI makes breathing during exercise harder 2. Diversion of blood to splanchnic circulation= less muscle blood flow 3. Relative dehydration due to feeding induced hypovolaemia 4. Reduced post feeding blood glucose due to insulin secretion
65
Describe route through caecum and large intestine in rabbits
Ingests enters from SI into ampulla caecalus coli (partitions food) Short digestible fibres pass into caduceus centrally and exit caecum peripherally after digestion. Long indigestible fibres enter ascending colon (some reflux occurs) Fundus coli forms 2 faecal types In distal trans and descending colon, further ion water and VFA absorption occurs.
66
Biliverdin route
Haem (red) - biliverdin (green) - bilirubin (red) - in bile - urobiligen (yellow- urine) - stercobilin (brown-faeces)
67
How much water do rabbits need a day
50-100ml (carnivores need 40-60 ml)
68
Why can’t rabbits vomit
Muscular cardia (stomach should never be empty- should have dilated full fundus)
69
Caecotrophs structure
Has mucous capsule with microbes, lysozymes, pH buffers, bacteriophages- protest from stomach acid Stimulated by cortisol, inhibited by adrenaline
70
Fusus coli structure function
Part of desc colon, muscular, vascular, densely innervates, goblet cells, longitudinal fields
71
Which side is caecum on pig
Left
72
Pig ascending colon
Large conical helix, 3.5 turns to reach cone apex | ACW, then goes back CW
73
Taenia
Bands of longitudinal muscle, forming hausta sacculations to delay passage of food Present in pig caecum, rabbits and horses
74
Shape of ascending colon in rabbits
W shaped
75
Which six viscera contact abdominal wall in normal ruminants
Liver, dorsal ruminal sac, spleen, reticulum, descending duodenum, abomasum
76
Reticular cells differences
Ox: quadrilateral | Sheep= hexagonal
77
How do ruminal papillae differ throughout rumen and what epithelium covers them
Sacs: rounded Reticulum-omasum junction: filiform Pillars: flat scales Stratified squamous
78
Why avoid terms foregut and hindgut fermenters?
Not actually hindgut fermenters- are mid gut (caecum and colon) In foregut fermenters some fermentation in hindgut too
79
Omasal contents consistency
Drier- involved in water absorption
80
Which curvature of the omasum is the sulcus near
Lesser
81
What is wrong with term poly gastric
1 stomach with 4 parts
82
What constitutes forestomach/ proventriculus
Reticulum, rumen, omasum
83
How many taenia are on each segment of horse gut
Caecum= 4, RVC= 4, LVC= 4, LDC= 1, RDC= 3, TC= 2, DC= 2
84
Where do bot fly eggs hatch and develop
Cr mesenteric artery
85
Where relative to aorta do cd vena cava and cysterna Chyli lie
VC: to left, CC: between aorta and lumbar vertebrae
86
Four main arteries to flank
Phrenicoabdominal Cd epigastric Cr epigastric Deep circumflex epigastric
87
Which kidney is normally caudal
Left
88
Ureter route in males
Pass through mesorchum and testicular artery
89
Female ureter route
Through broad ligament and into bladder
90
Coccygeus origin insertion and action
Part of pelvic diaphragm used for defecation, urination, parturition O. Sciatic spine I. Transverse process Cd2-4
91
Levator ani origin insertion and function
Part of pelvic diaphragm O. Internal aspect of symphysis and ilium shaft I. Blends with ext anal sphincter before inserting on cd7 haemal arch
92
Anal gland vs anal sac
Anal glands line deep part of sacs
93
Which mesoderm forms parietal peritoneum
Somatic lateral plate mesoderm
94
Splanchnic lateral plate mesoderm develops into
Gut muscle and visceral peritoneum
95
Which animal has an extra 360 degrees rotation around the dorsal root?
Pig- therefore caecum on left

Anatomy (5 decks)

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