Nervous system

Question 1

what is CNS and PNS segmented into

Answer 1

sensory (afferent) division and motor (efferent division)

Question 2

what is sensory division split into

Answer 2

somatic sensory (pressure, touch, pain, hearing, vision)

visceral sensory (stretch, pain, temp etc)

Question 3

what is efferent motor division split into

Answer 3

visceral motor- autonomic nervous system 
somatic motor (voluntary, to skeletal muscle- no ganglia)

Question 4

what is autonomic division split into

Answer 4

Sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric

Question 5

how many cervical nerves are in the dog

Answer 5

8 (one extra)

Question 6

how many thoracic nerves

Answer 6

13

Question 7

how many lumbar nerves

Answer 7

7

Question 8

how many sacral and caudal nerves

Answer 8

3

1 or more caudal nerves

Question 9

what does the dorsal ramus give nerves to

Answer 9

expaxial muscles- epimere

Question 10

what does ventral ramus give nerves to

Answer 10

hypaxial muscles, limbs and bodywall (hypomere)

Question 11

what nerves does dorsal horn give off

Answer 11

dorsal sensory root (into dorsal root ganglion) (can travel in either ramus

Question 12

what does ventral horn give off

Answer 12

ventral motor root

can travel in either ramus

Question 13

C1 nerve

Answer 13

motor only

Question 14

brachial plexus ganglia and nerves

Answer 14

C6-T2
girdle (dorsal): cleidobrachialis, suprascapular, subscapular
cranial (ventral): cranial, musculocutaneous
lateral (dorsal): radial, thoracodorsal, axillary
caudal (ventral): median, ulnar, caudal pec

Question 15

Lumbosacral plexus

Answer 15

L4-S2
sciatic nerve into fibular and tibial
obturator (downer cow syndrome)
femoral L4-L6
(pudendal)
(L3-L4 genitofemoral)

Question 16

dermatome stripes

Answer 16

innervation of skin- dermatomes overlap

Question 17

damage to radial nerve

Answer 17

ie when struck by car, humeral fracture, prolonged recumbancy in horses (brachial plexus avulsion)
cant extend carpus so cant stand (if below triceps, can stand)

Question 18

sweeney

Answer 18

damage to horse suprascapular nerve

hit gate post or wear ill fitting draught collar- atrophy of supra and infraspinatus

Question 19

cervical nerves

Answer 19

c1-5: segmental skin and spinal muscles
some innervate cr. muscles of truncobrachial junction
c2: sensory to skin of cd. head and ear
c5,6,7 form phrenic nerve

Question 20

interappendicular spine

Answer 20

T3-L3
T3-T12- spinal segments and intercostal spaces
T13-L3- sensory innervation to flank (prevertebral analgesia)

Question 21

sympathetic outflow

Answer 21

T1-L4

ganglions distal to organ of effect

Question 22

parasymathetic outflow

Answer 22

cranio sacral from cranial nerves and spinal segments S1-3

Question 23

neurons- cell bodies

Answer 23

1st order neuron (preganglionic) in CNS
2nd order neueron (postganglionic) is peripheral (neural crest)
sympathetic: ganglions- distal to target organ
parasymp: individua- close to target organ

Question 24

dysautonomia

Answer 24

neuropathy of ANS neurones

fatigue, depression, hypo/hyper tension exercsie intolerance, digestive problems (ileus)

Question 25

grass sickness (equine)

Answer 25

bacterial? 2-7 y/o deperession, constipation, no pupile reflex can be acute, subacute or chronic

Question 26

key gaskall syndrome (feline)

Answer 26

autonomic ganglion degeneration | regurgitation, depression, crusty nose, reduced tear secretion

Question 27

Horner's syndrome

Answer 27

damage to symp supply, normally unilateral | head injuries

Question 28

roaring

Answer 28

left laryngeal hemiplegia (half larynx paralysed) | reduces outflow during exercise

Question 29

What does radial nerve innervates

Answer 29

Extensors of forelimb

Question 30

Median nerve innervates

Answer 30

Radial flexor, pronator, ddf, sdf

Question 31

Ulnar nerve innervates

Answer 31

Ulnar flexor muscles Ddf Sdf Interosseus

Question 32

obturator nerve innervates

Answer 32

gracilis, adductor, pectineus, ext obturator

Question 33

femoral nerve innervates

Answer 33

hip flexors, stifle extensors | turns into saphenous nerve on medial aspect

Question 34

sciatic nerve innervates

Answer 34

cr. and cd. gluteals, tibial and fibular nerves fibular on caudal aspect on lateral side