Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Gynae > gynae 3 > Flashcards

gynae 3 Flashcards

(46 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Disorders of early pregnancy are?

A

Spontaneous Abortion
Ectopic Pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define spontaneous abortion?

A

Loss of pregnancy before 20 weeks without outside intervention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Causes of spontaneous abortion?

A
  1. Uterine Defects: Fiboids, Polyps
  2. Endocrine Factors
  3. Systemic Disorders: HTN, Diabetes
  4. Fetal Chromosomal Anomalies
  5. Infection - TORCH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When can chromosomal analysis be done for a patient?

A
  1. Habitual or recurrent abortions - loss of 3 or more pre-viable pregnancies
  2. Malformed fetus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Predisposing factors for ectopic pregnancy?

A
  1. Chronic salpingitis (gonococcal)
  2. Peritubal adhesions (appendicitis)
  3. Leiomyomas
  4. Previous Surgery
  5. Benign cysts and tumours of tube
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Can fallopian tubes look normal and still give ectopic pregnancy?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Complications of ectopic pregnancy?

A
  1. Rupture
  2. Hemorhhage
    - hematosalpinx
    - hemoperitoneum
  3. Spontaneous regression of pregnancy
  4. Tubal Abortion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Clinical features of ectopic pregnancy?

A
  • amenorrhea 6-8w
  • abdominal pain
  • vaginal bleeding
  • hemorrhagic shock
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Histological features of ectopic pregnancy?

A

Walls of fallopian tube have placenta-like tissue with chorionic villi

sometimes can see the primitive embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

3 disorders of late pregnancy?

A
  1. Placental inflammation
  2. Toxemias of pregnancy
  3. Placental Abnormalities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What types of placental inflammations can one get?

A
  1. Placenta - villitis
  2. Membranes - chorioamionitis
  3. Umbilical cord - funisitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How can placental inflammation be acquired?

A
  1. Ascending infections through birth canal
  2. Hematogenous - TORCH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Types of placental infections?

A

Syphilis
Chlamydia
Strep
Listeriosis
Rubella
CMV
Toxoplasmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Consequences of antenatal infections?

A

IUGR, low birth weight, premature delivery
Congenital anomalies
deafness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Symptoms of preeclampsia?

A

HTN
Proteinuria
Edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Symptoms of Eclampsia?

A

Convulsion
DIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the pathogenesis of eclampsia?

A

Unknown cause causing altered placentation and then organic or functional obstruction of spiral arterioles

endothelial dysfunction, vasoconstriction, increased vascular permeability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does toxemia of pregnancy present in
a) liver
b) kidney
c) brain
d) placenta

A

a) subcapsular, intraparenchymal hemorrhages
b) glomeruli shows marked swelling of endothelial cells and fibrin thrombi
c) gross or microscopic foci of hemorrhage along with small-vessel thromboses
d) Infarcts, hematomas, fibrinoid necrosis of vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

3 placental abnormalities?

Study These Flashcards
A

placenta previa - abnormal localisation of placenta implantation site
abruptio placentae - premature incomplete of normally positioned placenta fro, uterine wall during pregnancy or before delivery
placenta accreta - abnormal adhesion of normally placed placental villi to uterine wall due to absence of decidual plate between villi and myometrium

20
Q

Consequence of placenta previa? Complication?

Study These Flashcards
A

implantation of placenta over or near the internal os, necessitating delivery of placenta before fetus via C-sect

Antepartum hemorrhage

21
Q

Consequences of abruptio placentae

Study These Flashcards
A

Bleeding can be concealed or revealed

Severe bleeding - shock, DIV
Severe fetal distress - death

22
Q

consequence and complication of placenta accreta. treatment?

Study These Flashcards
A

failure of placenta to separate in 3rd stage of labour

severe post partum hemorrhage - shock

hysterectomy

23
Q

what are gestational trophoblastic diseases?

Study These Flashcards
A

to describe closely related condiotions characterised by active abnormal proliferation of trophoblastic cells

  • hydatiform mole - partial & complete
  • invasive mole
  • choriocarcinoma
24
Q

what is the function of the trophoblast?

Study These Flashcards
A

outermost layer of cells of the blastocyst that attaches the fertilised ovum to the iterine wall, serving as a nutritive pathway for the embryo

25
epide of trophoblastic diseases
geographical: asia, africa, latin america age: increased risk - extremes of reproductive age, malignant sequalae frequent in older pt obstetric history: term pregnancy and live births have a protective effect; history of previous mole confers increased risk; half of choriocarcinoma's follow molar pregnancy
26
define complete and partial hydatiform mole
complete: abnormal conceptus without emrbyo-fetus and with gross hydropic swelling of villi partial: intimate admixture of both normal and abnormal villi . fetal dvt may be present.
27
Clinical features of hydatidiform mole?
1. Vaginal bleeding 2. Uterus larger than dates 3. Preeclampsia toxemia in 25% 4. Passage pf molar vesicles 5. Hyperemesis, pulmonary embolism, hyperthyroidism Serology: Raised HCG levels
28
Complications/risks of hydatidiform mole
uterine hemorrhage coagulopathy infection continued trophoblastic activity
29
Pathogenesis of a complete mole?
From the fertilisation of an egg in which the nucleus is lost or activated Most are 46XX where both X chromosomes are of paternal origin, but a few are 46XY, again also of paternal origin
30
compare normal trophoblastic villi to a complete hydatiform mole?
Normal: - smaller in size - immature - contain fetal vessels - trophoblastic layer in outer aspect Complete: - Villi dilated - Hydropic Degeneration -- edematous - lining epithelium of trophoblast shows proliferation - instead of single layer, shows sheet-like proliferation
31
Compare normal trophoblastic villi to partial hydatiform mole?
Normal: - smaller in size - immature - contain fetal vessels - trophoblastic layer in outer aspect Partial: - mixture of normal looking chorionic villi & abnormal villi (hydropic degeneration)
32
pathogenesis of partial hydatiform mole?
egg fertilised by 2 sperms of a diploid sperm = triploid
33
compare complete and partial moles?
34
p57 is a surrogate marker fo the maternal genome
35
define invasive mole:
hydatiform mole in which hydropic villi invades the myometrium or blood vessels or are transported to extrauterine sites
36
define choriocarcinoma
malignant epithelial tumour arising from trophoblast of any gestational event, commonly from hydatiform mole, consisting of biphasic proliferation of syncytio-cytotrophoblast
37
are invasive moles metastatic?
locally aggressive, low metastatic risk - mostly confined to uterus - can distant mets to lungs vulva broad ligament
38
what causes death in invasive moles
uterine perforation or intraperitoneal bleeding
39
gross appearance of gestational choriocarcinoma?
hemorrhagic friable mass in uterine cavity
40
histological features of gestational choriocarcinoma?
hemorrhage and necrosis, anaplastic trophoblast, vascular invasion
41
epide of what precedes choriocarcinoma?
50% complete mole 25% abortion 25% normal pregnancy 3% ectopic
42
how does choriocarcinoma spread?
blood, lymphatics (uncommon) - lungs (50%) - vagina - brain, liver, marrow
43
clinical features of choriocarcinoma?
abnormal uterine bleeding distant mets - hemorrhagic events serological - HCG levels
44
staging of gestational trophoblastic disease based on spread
1 - confiend to uterus 2 - extends by mets or direct extension to other genital structures 3 - mets to lungs 4 - other distant mets w or w/o lung involvement
45
Causes of acquired infertility in females?
46
Infertility investigations
1. Hormonal Assays 2. Endometrial Sampling 3. Laproscopy 4. Hysteroscopy - scope into endometrial cavity to look at endothelial surface (polyps) 5. Hsterosalpingography 6. Microbiologic studies

Gynae (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions