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Medical Studies 1 > H and S > Flashcards

H and S Flashcards

1
Q

List the social determinants of health that can impact RHD

A

crowding
SES
dwelling status

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2
Q

how does crowding impact RHD

A

increased risk of RHD due to close living quarters and increased person-person contact

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3
Q

how does SES impact RHD

A

higher prevalence in SES disadvantaged communities

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4
Q

how does dwelling status impact RHD

A

associated with inadequate housing conditions and overcrowding, contributing to transmission

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5
Q

whats RHD

A

rheumatic heart disease

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6
Q

whats ARF

A

acute rheumatic fever

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7
Q

primordial intervention for RHD

A

prevent the development of risk factors/reduce social determinants

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8
Q

primary intervention for RHD

A

treat with antibiotics/vaccine

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9
Q

secondary intervention for RHD

A

diagnosis and screening, prevent recurrent episodes

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10
Q

tertiary intervention for RHD

A

pharmacological management of complications, surgery and rehab

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11
Q

what is CHD

A

a condition characterised by narrowing or blockage of CA, leading to reduced blood flow to heart and potential chest pain or other CV conditions

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12
Q

what is AF

A

an irregular often rapid heart rhythm that can increase risk of blood clots, stroke and other heart-related complications

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13
Q

epidemiology of CHD

A

-leading cause of death in Aus
-burden decreasing
-males and elderly at high risk

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14
Q

epidemiology of AF

A

-low mortality
-increasing burden
-males and elderly at high risk

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15
Q

risk facts for CHD

A

smoking
high LDL’s
HTN
FHx
advanced age
obesity
physical inactivity

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16
Q

risk factors for AF

A

HTN
advanced age
male sex
alcohol excess
obesity
T2DM
kidney disease
smoking

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17
Q

how can smoking lead to CHD

A

increased CHD risk by promoting inflammation and damaging CA

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18
Q

how can obesity contribute to CHD

A

increases CHD risk by promoting inflammation, insulin resistance and hyperlipidaemia

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19
Q

how does CKD lead to AF

A

CKD can disrupt electrolyte balance which is a risk factor for AF

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20
Q

list some social determinants of health

A

access to healthcare
diet/nutrition culture
tobacco culture
health literacy
social support
SES
rurality

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21
Q

what are the broad impacts of tobacco on health

A

CVD
Respiratory disease
Malignancy

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22
Q

what are the at risk demographics of smoking-related harms

A

mental illness
ATSI
low income

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23
Q

what are the interventions for smoking

A

taxation/pricing
public education
advertising bans

24
Q

what are individual level interventions for smoking

A

-targeted efforts to modify the behaviour of a single person through counselling, education, or therapy to address specific health related issues

25
what are population based interventions for smoking
strategies and programs to influence the behaviour of a larger group or community, often through policy changes, public health campaigns, and education, with the goal of improving public health outcomes
26
upstream vs downstream medicine
upstream med= addresses the social context of disease and SES contributing to health downstream med= primarily concerned with managing and alleviating the symptoms of diseases or health conditions
27
list upstream factors
housing health services education ambient and work environment
28
what are the non clinical professionals who can help treat asthma
-non clinical public health physician -environmental health officer -occupational hygienist
29
role of non clinical public health physician
public health professional who focuses on preventative health measures and policies at the population level rather than individual patient care
30
role of environmental health officers in asthma
an expert responsible for monitoring and regulating environmental factors that can impact public health, such as air and water quality, food safety and sanitation
31
role of occupational hygienist in asthma
a specialist who assesses and manages workplace environments to prevent health hazards and ensure the safety and well-being of workers, addressing issues like exposure to toxins, ergonomic concerns etc.
32
list the types of anaemia
iron deficiency B12, Folate deficiency Aplastic thalassaemia sickle cell anaemia
33
what is iron deficiency
insufficient iron intake or absorption, leading to decreased production of red blood cells and insufficient oxygen transport in the body
34
what is B12, Folate deficiency
inadequate intake or absorption of vitamins B12 or folate, resulting in reduced RBC production and development of anaemia
35
what is aplastic anaemia
damage to the bone marrow, which impairs the production of RBC's and development of anaemia
36
what is thalassamia anaemia
genetic disorders affecting Hg production, leading to abnormal RBC's and anaemia
37
what is sickle cell anaemia
an inherited blood disorder where RBC's become misshapen and break down, causing a shortage of healthy RBC's and impaired oxygen delivery
38
what are the at risk populations for anaemia
pregnant women elderly veg/vegan low income
39
how is anaemia influenced by SES
low income can limit nutritious foods, health care and iron supplements -> increasing risk of anaemia
40
how is anaemia influenced by education
lower levels of education may lead to less knowledge about dietary choices and health behaviours that prevent anaemia
41
how is anaemia influenced by access to healthcare
limited access to healthcare facilities can hinder early diagnosis and treatment of conditions that cause anaemia
42
how is anaemia influences by food security
food availability and affordability play a crucial role in preventing anaemia, particularly in vulnerable populations
43
how is anaemia influenced by cultural/social norm
cultural dietary practices and beliefs can affect the intake of iron-rich food and may contribute to anaemia
44
how is anaemia influences by racial/ethnic disparity
certain racial and ethnic groups may have a higher risk of anaemia due to genetic factors or disparities in health care access
45
how is anaemia influenced by living conditions
poor housing, sanitation and access to clean water can increase the risk of infections that causes anaemia
46
what is planetary health
-planetary health recognises health of ecosystems is closely linked to human health -climate change is a significant part of this -increased temp, changes to weather patterns, shifting precipitations and extreme weather events are given by burning of FF and deforestation
47
what are the risk factors for haematological diseases using planetary health lens
-crop yield reduction -Vitamin B12 deficiency -iron deficiency -drought/famine
48
how is crop yield reduction a risk factor for haematological disease
-dec. crop yields lead to food shortage and decreased intake of nutrients contributing to malnutrition anaemia
49
how is VitaminB12 deficiency a risk factor for haematological disease
lack of vitamin b12 can impair production of RBC's --> megaloblastic anaemia pernicious
50
how is iron deficiency a risk factor for haematological disease
iron is a crucial component of Hb, transporting oxygen via RBC's, iron def--> iron def anaemia
51
how can drought be a risk factor for haematological disease
this can lead go scarcity of food, causing malnutrition and lack of nutrients (iron + VB12) --> anaemia
52
Explain how climate change mitigation can protect the wellbeing of our community
-mitigation measures like transitioning to cleaner energy sources and reducing emissions from transport can improve air quality (decreasing CV, resp risks) -adapting (infrastructure + planning) for frequent extreme weather can prevent injuries and deaths -practices such as transport, green spaces and local food production also key
53
ways to address climate change
-renewable energy -carbon pricing/tax -conservation -sustainable agriculture -global collaboration
54
list the threats that come with climate change
temperature rises extreme weather events food/water insecurity health risks
55
main drivers of climate change are
population growth burning fossil fuels deforestation agriculture transportation

Medical Studies 1 (15 decks)

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