Week 11 Haematology Flashcards

Question

lifespan of monocytes

Answer 1

can circulate for a few days before entering tissue and living for weeks to months

Answer 2

irregularly shaped nucleus and abundant cytoplasm

Answer 3

phagocytosis of pathogens and debris, antigen presentation, and tissue repair

Answer 4

found in various tissues such as the lung, liver and spleen

Answer 5

long lifespans, from months to years within tissues

Answer 6

bilobed nucleus and large granules

Answer 7

defence against parasitic infections and involvement in allergies

Answer 8

found in tissues and the bloodstream especially at sites of inflammation

Answer 9

relatively short (8-12 hours)

Answer 10

biological process in which cels, such as immune cells, move in response to chemical signals or gradients

Answer 11

process by which certain cells, notably phagocytes like neutrophils, macrophages and Dc, engulf and internalise solid particles, such as bacteria, debris or foreign material

Answer 12

T cells have a round or irregularly shaped nucleus and minimal cytoplasm -several types Tc (CD8+), Th (CD4+), Treg, T memory

Answer 13

-cell mediated immunity -recognise and attack infected or abnormal host cells such as virally infected cells or cancer cells

Answer 14

-T cells are found in the blood and lymphatic system, but are also in lymphoid organs (spleen, thus, LN) -they move to the site of infection

Answer 15

varies, some circulate for weeks and months while memory T cells can circulate for many years

Answer 16

B cells have a round nucleus and a larger amount of cytoplasm compared to T cells

Answer 17

-B cells are responsible for humeral immunity -produce immunoglobulins (anitbodies) that can neutralise pathogens, mark them for detrsution or enhance phagocytosis -B cells also play a role in presenting antigens to T cells

Answer 18

-found in lymphoid organs, lymph nodes, the spleen and in the bloodstream, they can also be found in peripheral tissues

Answer 19

variable lifespans; some differentiate into short lived plasma cells while others form long living b memory cells

Answer 20

An abnormal increase in the number of white blood cells (leukocytes) in the blood, often indicative of an immune response to infection or other underlying medical conditions *WBC > 11,000/microL

Answer 21

A decrease in the total white blood cell count in the blood, potentially increasing the risk of infections and impairing the immune system's function.

Answer 22

condition characterized by a deficiency of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell), which can make individuals more susceptible to bacterial infections.

Answer 23

A reduction in the number of monocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the blood, potentially affecting the body's ability to fight certain infections and inflammatory conditions.

Answer 24

A lower-than-normal count of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell), which can weaken the immune response and increase vulnerability to infections.

Answer 25

subset of cytokines that specifically attract immune cells to sites of infection or inflammation

Answer 26

small signalling proteins produced by immune cells to regulate inflammation, cell communication and immune responses

Answer 27

tissue resident immune cells that release inflammatory mediators like histamine in response to allergens or pathogens, playing a central role in allergic reactions

Answer 28

cytotoxic lymphocytes that recognise and destroy infected cells without prior sensitisation, contributing to early defence against infections and tumour surveillance

Answer 29

-phagocytosis: ingest and release into phagosome -degranulation: release granules into extracellular environment -netosis: expulsion of nuclear material in the form of neutrophil extracellular traps (NET)

Answer 30

-phagocytosis: ingest harmful wastes, pathogens and microbes -inflammation: secrete pro inflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial mediators

Answer 31

-antigen capturing : detect PAMP's -antigen presentation: process antigens into smaller peptides for antigen presentation

Answer 32

-pathogen exposure -antigen identification -PRR binding -phagocytosis -antigen presentation -T cell recognition -B cell recognition

Answer 33

immune system encounters a pathogen, such as bacterium, virus or fungus through inhalation, digestion other physical contact

Answer 34

immune cells (macrophages, Dc, neutrophils) are equipped with receptors called pattern recognition receptors (PRR) that recognise conserved molecular patterns found on pathogens

Answer 35

when PRR's on immune cells bind to PAMP's on the pathogens surface, this binding activates the immune cell, activation triggers a series of intracellular signalling events, leading to the initiation of the immune response

Answer 36

phagocytes engulf the pathogen through phagocytosis, internalising pathogens in a vesicle called a phagosome

Answer 37

dendritic cells capture pathogens and digest them, they then present fragments of the pathogen's antigens on their cells surfaces using MHC molecules

Answer 38

-Th cells (CD4+) recognise antigen-MHC complexes on Dc -this activates Th cells, which release cytokines that orchestrate immune response -Tc cells (CD8+) can also recognise antigens presented by infected host cells and directly kill them

Answer 39

-B cells recognise antigens directly, without need for antigen presentation -once activated they produce s+c antibodies to pathogens antigens -pathogen is neutralised or tagged for destruction by antibodies

Answer 40

C1 recognises immune complexes formed by the binding of IgG or IgM to an antigen.

Answer 41

Non-specific activation by bacteria, fungi, and parasites via C3b deposition on the surface of microbes

Answer 42

Mannose Binding Lectin (MBL) attaches to the mannose sugar residues on bacterial surfaces

Answer 43

opsonisation: complements coat pathogens, making them more susceptible to phagocytosis inflammation: increased blood flow, immune cells, inflammatory mediates to combat infection + promote repair punching holes: create pores in membranes of cells leading to lysis and destruction

Answer 44

-immune cells recognise specific antigens on pathogens -MHC proteins display antigens for T cell recognition -HLA genes code for MHC proteins in humans -antigen presenting cells process and display antigens using MHC molecules -TCR's interact with MHC molecules to recognise antigens -TCR's become activated when their receptors bind to MHC-antigen complexes

Answer 45

IgM IgD IgG IgE IgA

Answer 46

the first antibody produced during an initial immune response, characterised by pentameric structure and potent agglutination properties

Answer 47

primarily found on the surface of B cells, serving as a receptor to initiate B cell activation and maturation

Answer 48

the most abundant antibody class in the blood, providing long-term protection against infections and facilitating immune memory

Answer 49

involved in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions, particularly by triggering mast cells degranulation in response to allergies

Answer 50

predominantly found in the mucosal secretions and plays a crucial role protecting mucosal surfaces from pathogens

Answer 51

also known as Antigenic Determinants

Answer 52

variable region of an immunoglobulin (determines its characteristics and its ability to bind to a specific antigen)

Answer 53

Regions within the variable region that actually comes into contact with the epitope on the antigen

Answer 54

-antibodies have specific regions known as CDR's, which are the antibody's variable domain -CDR's are responsible for binding to antigens -works like the lock and key process

Answer 55

*I= non specific vs A= specific and tailored *I=rapid defence vs A=slower defence *I=tolerance to self antigen (mainly works against non self) vs A=distinguish between self and non self *I=pattern recognition only vs A=specific recognition of all possible antigens I=no memory vs A=memory

Answer 56

MHC and HLA are both protein complexes that respond to antigens -MHCI and HLA I are for Tc (CD8+) -MHCII and HLA II are for Th (CD4+) and B cells -MHC is for all organisms whereas HLA (human leukocyte agent) is only for humans

Answer 57

a specific part of an antigen that is recognized and bound by an antibody or immune cell receptor

Answer 58

-Acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML) -Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) -Chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) -Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) -Multiple myeloma (MM)

Answer 59

fast growing cancer of blood and bone marrow characterised by rapid proliferation of immature myeloid white blood cells

Answer 60

rapidly progressing cancer of the blood and bone marrow, primarily affecting lymphoid white blood cells and often seen in children

Answer 61

slow growing form of leukaemia that originates in myeloid white blood cells, characterised by the presence of Philadelphia chromosome and a chronic phase that can transform into an acute phase

Answer 62

slowly progressing leukaemia primarily affecting lymphocytes, characterised by accumulation of abnormal white blood cells in blood and bone marrow

Answer 63

cancer of plasma cells in the bone marrow, leading to the overproduction of MAb and weakened bone marrow structure

Answer 64

malignancy characterised by an excess of clonal white blood cells

Answer 65

heterogenous group of malignancies that arise from the clonal proliferation of various cell subsets of lymphocytes at different stages of maturation -generally arise from lymph nodes

Answer 66

malignancies that have a slow and relatively non aggressive growth pattern

Answer 67

malignancies that are characterised by faster growth rate and more invasive nature

Answer 68

lymphoid malignancies that progress rapidly and involve immature or undeveloped cells

Answer 69

lymphoid malignancies that progress more slowly and involve mature but abnormal cells

Answer 70

HSC--> common myeloid --> myeloblast with reduced differentiability--> Accumulation of immature myeloid cells (myeloblasts) that cannot mature HSC--> common lymphoid--> lymphoblast with increased proliferative ability--> Excessive accumulation of immature lymphoid cells (lymphoblasts) that overpopulate

Answer 71

fatigue infection bleeding hepatosplenomegaly lymphadenopathy headache arthalgia skin rashes

Answer 72

due to decrease in healthy erythrocytes (bone marrow overcrowded), less oxygen transported and lesser energy levels

Answer 73

due to fewer functional WBC's (bone marrow overcrowded) , body is less able to fight off infection

Answer 74

due to increase in platelets (bone marrow overcrowded), results in impaired blood clotting and increased risk of bleeding

Answer 75

Swelling of lymph nodes is a result of the body's response to the abnormal proliferation of leukemia cells that collect in lymph nodes (Note, only painful in infection)

Answer 76

enlargement of the liver and spleen occurs due to the infiltration of leukaemic cells in these organs.

Answer 77

experienced due to increased intracranial pressure due to accumulation of leukaemia cells and reduced blood flow

Answer 78

joint pain is a manifestation of leukaemic cell infiltration into the joints, leading to inflammation and discomfort

Answer 79

T cell infiltration to the peripheral skin leads to the rashes and erythema

Answer 80

Hematopoietic Stem Cell (HSC) → Common Myeloid Progenitor → Myeloblast → Mature Myeloid Cells with abnormal proliferation and accumulation, especially mature cells like neutrophils, eosinophils, or basophils. These cells are more differentiated compared to acute leukemia but proliferate excessively and don’t function properly. Hematopoietic Stem Cell (HSC) → Common Lymphoid Progenitor → Lymphoblast → Mature Lymphocytes (mostly B-cells) with excessive proliferation and accumulation. These lymphocytes are partially differentiated but still function abnormally and accumulate over time.

Answer 81

fatigue hepatosplenomegaly lymphadenopathy arthralgia

Answer 82

due to a decrease in healthy red blood cells, leading to reduced oxygen transport and energy levels

Answer 83

enlargement of the liver and spleen occurs due to the infiltration of leukaemia cells in these organs

Answer 84

swelling of lymph nodes is a result of the body's response to the abnormal proliferation of leukaemia cells (only painful in infection)

Answer 85

joint pain is a manifestation of leukaemia cell infiltration into the joints, leading to inflammation and discomfort

Answer 86

organomegaly bleeding/bruising infection anaemia renal failure bone pain

Answer 87

typically occurs because of the uncontrolled growth and accumulation of cancerous cells within an organ, leading to its enlargement and disruption of normal tissue structure and function

Answer 88

occurs when malignant tumours invade blood vessels, impairing their integrity, when cancer disrupts the normal clotting process by affecting platelet production or function

Answer 89

underproduction of immune cells results in a weakened immune system and increased exposure to pathogens such as viruses

Answer 90

Occurs when the abnormal cancerous cells crowd out healthy blood-forming cells in the bone marrow, leading to reduced production of red blood cells

Answer 91

can occur due to the abnormal proteins (eg MAb) produced by cancerous cells, which can clog and damage the filtering units of the kidneys, impairing their function

Answer 92

bone pain in haematological malignancies can result from the infiltration of abnormal cells into the bone marrow and the subsequent disruption of the normal bone structure and function

Answer 93

-leukaemia comprises 3.2% of new cancer diagnoses (between 2014 and 2018) -rate of new cases of leukaemia was 14.3 per 10000 men and women over the same time -Acute LL is more common in paediatric population

Answer 94

-chemicals/radiation -genetic abnormality -smoking -viruses -past medical history -family history

Answer 95

exposure to certain chemicals or ionising radiation can damage DNA, increasing the risk of mutations that can lead to haematological cancers

Answer 96

people with trisomy 21 (downs syndrome) have an increased risk of haematological cancers due to genetic factors and abnormal immune function

Answer 97

smoking introduces carcinogens into the body, increasing the risk of developing haematological cancers, particularly leukaemia and lymphoma

Answer 98

viruses like Epstein-bar virus can lead to genetic changes in infected cells, increasing the risk of developing haematological cancers Hodgkins lymphoma

Answer 99

history of certain conditions such as myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), can increase the risk of progression to more aggressive haematological cancer

Answer 100

FHx of haematological cancers can indicate a genetic predisposition, potentially increasing. an individual's risk of developing these cancers

Answer 101

bi/tri loped nucleus

Answer 102

deep staining, eccentric

Answer 103

darker cells with central pallor (neutrophil are larger with purple nuclei)

Answer 104

small dots

Answer 105

laboratory test in which a drop of blood is spread thinly on a glass slide and then stained to allow for the microscopic examination of blood cells

Answer 106

diagnosis classification staging monitoring treatment guidance

Answer 107

-dx tool in haem malignancies -enables analysis of cell surface markers and intracellular proteins on individual cells in blood or bone marrow samples

Answer 108

indicates immaturity

Answer 109

Indicative of lymphoid lineage

Answer 110

Indicative of myeloid lineage

Answer 111

a widely used method for staging chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).

Answer 112

Patients have fewer than three enlarged lymph node groups and no anaemia or thrombocytopenia

Answer 113

Patients have three or more enlarged lymph node groups and no anaemia or thrombocytopenia

Answer 114

Patients have anaemia and/or thrombocytopenia, regardless of number of enlarged lymph node groups

Answer 115

Identifies specific gene rearrangements, translocations, or mutations (allows to check for genes present in CML, AML and minimal residual disease)

Answer 116

Allows for comprehensive sequencing of multiple genes simultaneously/mutations of multiple genes

Answer 117

Examines expression patterns of genes across a cell population used in lymphomas and leukaemia

Answer 118

Purpose: Detects chromosomal abnormalities in malignant cells eg philadelphia in CML

Answer 119

induction consolidation maintenance allogenic stem cell transplant

Answer 120

the primary goal is to rapidly reduce the number of cancer cells in the body using intensive therapy, such as chemotherapy, to induce remission.

Answer 121

Following successful induction, the consolidation phase aims to eliminate any remaining cancer cells and further reduce the risk of relapse, often involving additional chemotherapy or stem cell transplantation

Answer 122

Lower-dose, long-term therapy is administered to prevent the re-emergence of the malignancy, maintaining the patient's remission, and improving their long-term outcomes.

Answer 123

A curative option for some haematological malignancies, involving the infusion of healthy stem cells from a donor (typically a family member) to replace the patient's diseased bone marrow, enabling new blood and immune system development

Answer 124

-MAb can be designed to recognise and bind to specific antigens on surface of cancer cells -can be used alone or combined with chemo etc -they work via immune system activation/interference with cell signalling pathways/direct cytoxicity -examples: rituximab for B cell lymphomas and alemtuzumab for CLL

Answer 125

-reciprocal translocation (chromosome9/chromosome22) forms BCR-ABL fusion gene -BCR-ABL fusion gene codes for active tyrosine kinase -tyrosine kinase initiates uncontrolled cell signalling and proliferation, particularly of granulocytes in the bone marrow and peripheral blood -abnormal accumulation of myeloid cells in the marrow and blood --> fatigue, splenomegaly and leukocytosis

Answer 126

-TKIs, such as imatinib, dasatinib, and nilotinib, work by binding to the active site of the BCR-ABL protein, inhibiting its kinase activity. * By blocking the BCR-ABL kinase, these drugs effectively suppress the aberrant signalling pathways that drive uncontrolled cell proliferation in CML. * Tyrosine kinase inhibitors end in the suffix ‘-inib’.

Answer 127

-polycythaemia vera (PV) -myelofibrosis (MF) -essential thrombocythaemia (ET) -CML

Answer 128

A rare blood disorder where the bone marrow produces too many red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, leading to an increased risk of blood clots and other complications.

Answer 129

A myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by the overproduction of platelets, potentially resulting in abnormal blood clotting or bleeding.

Answer 130

A myeloproliferative neoplasm in which the bone marrow develops fibrous tissue, impairing its ability to produce normal blood cells and leading to anaemia and an enlarged spleen.

Answer 131

-involves a complete blood count (CBC) to assess low blood cell counts, as well as a bone marrow biopsy or aspiration to confirm the reduction in hematopoietic (blood-forming) cells in the bone marrow.

Answer 132

rare and serious blood disorder characterized by a significant reduction in the number of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, in the bone marrow

Answer 133

-blood transfusions, immunosuppressive therapy, bone marrow transplants

Answer 134

fatigue pallor petechiae infection dyspnoea bleeding dyspnoea headache

Answer 135

Persistent tiredness and weakness due to low red blood cell count, leading to reduced oxygen delivery to tissues.

Answer 136

A pale complexion or paleness of the skin and mucous membranes, resulting from decreased red blood cell production.

Answer 137

increased susceptibility to bruising and petechiae (small red or purple dots) due to low platelet counts, causing impaired blood clotting

Answer 138

Weakened immune system because of low white blood cell count, making the body more susceptible to infections.

Answer 139

Breathlessness and rapid heart rate, especially during physical activity, due to reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.

Answer 140

Excessive bleeding from minor cuts, scrapes, or dental procedures due to inadequate platelet function

Answer 141

Occasional or persistent headaches, which can be a result of anaemia-induced reduced oxygen supply to the brain

Answer 142

neuropathic pain, herpes virus resides in the nerves of the mouth or genitals, sores occur when individual is immunosuppressant

Answer 143

-if able to balot then its the kidney -if able to feel over it then not spleen -if able to feel one notch its the spleen

Answer 144

Hodgkins lymphoma

Answer 145

check for MAb/proteins in the urine due to multiple myeloma

Answer 146

chronić lymphocytic leukaemia

Answer 147

checking for active/functional myeloma lesions in bones and other tissues (in Mutliple myeloma)

Answer 148

watch and wait- waiting until patient comes back or is worried active surveillance- constant surveillance due to possible for acute disease progression

Answer 149

-chemotherapy (broader) -immunotherapy (more specific) -radiation therapy (at bone marrow) -bone marrow transplant -full bloods -vaccines (non live) -MAb -long lasting opioids (oxycontin) -screen for other cancers (bowel, prostate, cervical)

Answer 150

-avoid sick contacts (risk for febrile neutropenia) -diet -exercise -avoid smoking an alcohol -medicine compliance -mental health support

Week 11 Haematology Flashcards

(174 cards)