H & E pt 2 Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
What is a Becquerel (Bq)?
A
One disintegration/sec.
(3.7×1010 Bq /Curie of radioactivity)
2
Q
What is inoizing radiation?
A
Electromagnetic or particulate radiation capable of producing ions by interacting with matter.
3
Q
What is Roentgen?
A
The amount of x- or gamma radiation that produces ionization resulting in one electrostatic unit of charge in one cubic centimetre of dry air at standard conditions.
4
Q
What is Roentgen absorbed dose (RAD)?
A
1 rad represents the energy absorption of 100 ergs per gram of human tissue or material.
5
Q
What is Roentgen equivalent in man (REM)?
A
A unit of absorbed dose (in rad) times a quality factor that is used to express the relative biological effect of the particular radiation as compared to gamma-radiation. Personal exposure limits are often expressed in REM.
6
Q
What are the types of Ionizing radiation?
A
- Alpha-Particles
- Beta-Particles
- Neutrons
- X-Radiation
- Gamma-Radiation
7
Q
What substance stop alpha rays?
A
A sheet of paper
A dead layer of skin
A film of water
8
Q
Which substance stops Beta rays?
A
Thin aluminium
9
Q
Which substance stops Gamma and X- rays?
A
Thick lead
10
Q
Where do alpa & beta particles originate from?
A
They originate in the nuclei of radioactive atoms
11
Q
What is the range of Alpha particles while they travel in the air?
A
1-3 inches in the air before they are absorbed.
12
Q
True or False? Neutrons have no electrical charge.
A
TRUE!!
13
Q
True or False? Gamma-rays present an external exposure hazard because of their ability for deep tissue penetration.
A
TRUE!!
14
Q
Where are X-rays produced from?
A
X-ray is produced in the orbiting electron of an atom or from free electrons.
15
Q
Fill in the blanks. For X-rays , The range of penetration can be expressed in terms of _________.”
A
Half-Value layer or Mass per unit area
16
Q
What are some professions with the highest radiation exposures?
A
- Underground uranium miners
- Commercial nuclear power plant workers.
- Fuel fabricators
- Physicians
- Flight crew
- Industrial and healthcare radiographers.
- Well loggers
- “Homeland Security-based workers” and Customs workers.
17
Q
Which cells have a HIGH sensitivity for radiation?
A
- Gastric mucosa
- Esophageal epithelium
- Mucous membranes
- Urinary bladder epithelium
GEMU is highhh
18
Q
Which cells have a VERY HIGH sensitivity for radiation?
A
- Pre-mature blood cells
- Intestinal epithelium
- Spermatogonia
- Ovarian follicular cells
- Lymphocyte
- Lens of the eye
“PISOLL “
19
Q
Which cells have a LOW sensitivity for radiation?
A
- Ganglion cells
- Mature blood cells
- Muscle cells
- Mature connective tissue
“GMMM”
20
Q
What is the exposure limit for equivalent dose for lease of the eye?
A
15 Rem
21
Q
What is the exposure limit equivalent dose for skin, hands and feet?
A
50 rem
22
Q
What are the two types of Adverse effects of Ionising radiation?
A
i) genetic (Stochastic effects)
ii)somatic/deterministic effects
23
Q
What are different devices that can be used to monitor radiation?
A
- Ionization chambers
- Geiger-Muller Counters
- Personal monitors:
- Film badges
Thermoluminescence- Detectors
- Pocket dosimeters
- Film badges
24
Q
What are the natural and anthropogenic drivers of climate change?
A
- The chain from greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
- Atmospheric concentrations of GHG’s.
- Radiative forcing.
- Climate response and effects.
25
What are the Greenhouse gases?
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Nitrous oxide
Hydrofluorocarbons
Perfluorocarbons
Sulphurhexafluoride
26
What is the most important anthropogenic green house gas?
Carbon Dioxide.
27
What is the second most important long lived greenhouse gas?
Methane (CH4)
28
What are sources that emit Nitrous Oxide?
Oceans
Soil
Biomass burning
Fertiliser use
Various industrial processes
29
What is the greenhouse effect?
The greenhouse effect occurs as a result of greenhouse gases trapping the sun's heat and keeping it close to the earth.
30
By how much degrees celsius does the greenhouse effect warm the earth?
33 degrees Celsius warmer
31
What is the temperature of the earth now?
15 degrees celsius
32
What diseases are the most climate sensitive?
Heat stress
Effects of storm
Air pollution effects
Asthma
Vector-borne diseases
Water-borne diseases
Food-borne diseases
Sexually transmitted diseases
33
Who recognised lead toxicity among miners?
Hippocrates
34
Who described a bladder-derived mask used to control dust and lead fumes?
Pliny the Elder
35
Who is recognised as the father of occupational medicine and published signal work " The disease of tradesmen?"
Bernardino Ramazini
36
Who said that "All things are poisons; the dose
distinguishes a poison from a remedy” and also provided guidelines on metal toxicity?
Phillipus Paracelsus
37
What did Alice Hamiton do?
Initiated the practice of Industrial
hygiene in the USA.
38
Who discovered that one can develop scrotal cancer in Chimney Sweeps?
Sir Percival Pott
39
What are the classifications of occupational hazard?
* Chemical
* Biological
* Physical
* Ergonomic
* Psychosocial
40
What are examples of Chemical Hazards?
* Liquid, dust, fume, mist, vapour/gas Exposure pathways
* Dose response relationships
* Threshold or “no adverse effect level”
* Toxic effects
* LD50 & LC50
41
What are examples of Physical Hazards?
* Noise, vibration & ultrasound
* Extremes of temperature (Heat & Cold)
* Radiation
* Pressure changes
42
What is Ergonomics?
Science of fitting workplace conditions and job demands to the capabilities of the working population.
43
What are the goal of Ergonomics?
i) To decrease risk of injuries & illnesses.
ii) To improve worker performance
iii) To decrease work discomfort and
to improve the quality of work life.
44
What are the Physical Classification of Airborne Contaminants?
* Gases
* Vapours
* Dust : > single small molecules up to 500 micrometers in diameter
* Fumes
45
What is the physical classification of airborne contaminants?
* Mists : From a few micrometers up to 100μm
* Fog: Typically, smaller than mists (1- 10μm)
(less important than mists in OSH)
* Smoke: Complex mixture of solid, liquid aerosols, gases & vapours, resulting from incomplete combustion.
* Fibres: Aspect ratio of 3:1 (≥ 5μm- ≤ 200 μm)
46
What are the Physiological Classification of Airborne Contaminants?
Irritants
Asphyxiants
Narcotics & anesthetics
Systemic poisons
Special respiratory agents
Sensitizers
Carcinogens
Mutagens
Teratogens
47
What is Time Weighted Average (TLV- TWA)?
The time weighted average conc. for a normal 8-hour workday.
48
What is Short Term Exposure Limit (TLV -STEL)?
Concentration to which workers can be exposed continuously for a short period of time (15 mins) .
49
What is the basic assumptions of the TLVs/PELs?
* Exposure is confined to one job in one workplace for 8 hours/day.
* Workers are not exposed to community/environmental air pollution.
* Workers are age-specific.
* Work is done at a moderate work rate.
* Effects of multiple chemical exposures are additive not synergistic.
50
What is the most effective method of controlling Occupational environment?
Elimination
51
What is a hazard?
This is the potential for natural or man-caused event to occur with negative consequences.
52
What is a disaster?
This is a natural or man caused event which causes intense negative impact on people, goods and services and or the environment, exceeding the affected community’s internal capability to respond.
53
What are examples of major natural disaster?
Flood
Cyclone
Drought
Earthquake
54
What are some minor natural disasters?
Coldwaves
Thunderstorms
Heat waves
Mud slides
Storms
55
What are major man-made disasters?
Setting of fires
Epidemics
Deforestation
Pollution
Wars
56
What are minor manmade disasters?
Road/train accidents
Riots
Food poisoning
Industrial disaster/crisis
Environmental pollution etc.
57
What are the elements of risk in every community?
Location
Exposure
Vulnerability
Hazards
58
What is Vulnerability?
A measure of the intrinsic susceptibility of structures, contents and processes to fail once they are exposed to potentially damaging natural phenomena.
59
What is a Risk?
A measure of the probability of expected loss for a given hazardous event.
60
What are examples of the non-structural elements?
Ceilings, windows, laboratory equipment, inventory stored on shelves, computers, electrical equipment, furnishings and light fittings
61
What are examples of Atmospheric hazards?
Hurricane
Tornadoes
Drought
Wildfires
62
What are examples of Geological Hazards?
Earthquakes
Volcanic eruption
Landlsides
Tsunamis
63
Fill in the blanks. " _____________- are hydrologic hazards."
Floods
64
What is rehabilitation?
The restoration of basic social functions.
65
What is reconstruction?
The full resumption of socio- economic activities plus preventive measures.
66
What are the Aims of Disaster management?
Reduce - Reduce (avoid, if possible) the potential losses from hazards.
Assure - Assure prompt and appropriate assistance to victims when necessary.
Achieve- Achieve rapid and durable recovery.
67
What are factors contributing to risks of disasters?
Deforestation
Improper disposal of waste
Destruction of ozone layer
Lack of education
Lack of proper planning
Development in areas not suitable
68
What are the Psychological effects of disasters?
- Loss of spirit and low morale of citizens.
- Trauma of displacement
- Loss of productive faith in the future
69
What are the factors affecting Vulnerability of Disasters?
Location/geography
Population
Economy
Traditional values
Time of occurrence
Housing and infrastructure Ability to respond
70
What are human activities that increase vulnerability?
* Improper land use and development - deforestation.
* Disposal of solid waste in steep hillsides.
* Inadequate drainage of self- built water supplies.
* Poorly maintained septic tanks.
* Rapid urbanization – informal settlements.
* Global climate change.
71
What is the role of Public health in Disaster management?
* Conduct rapid health assessment.
* Increase in the promotion of healthy behaviours.
* Prevent or reduce the spread of diseases or epidemics.
* Assure quality and accessibility of health services.
* Community-wide prevention programs.
72
What are the steps in preparation for disasters?
* Planning
* Testing (simulation drills)
* Training of persons
* Public awareness
* Legislation
* Inter- sectoral approach and coordination
* Vulnerability analysis
73
What is Primordial Prevention?
Primordial prevention consists of actions to minimize future hazards to health and hence inhibit the establishment factors (environmental, economic, social, behavioural, cultural) known to increase the risk of disease.
74
What are examples of Primordial prevention?
Outlawing alcohol, banning smoking in buildings, improving sanitation, promoting healthy lifestyles.
75
What is Primary prevention?
Primary prevention seeks to prevent the onset of specific diseases via risk reduction: by altering behaviours or exposures that can lead to disease, or by enhancing resistance to the effects of exposure to a disease agent.
76
What are examples of Primary prevention?
Smoking cessation and vaccination, adding fluoride to drinking water/table salt
77
What is Secondary prevention?
Secondary prevention includes procedures that detect and treat pre-clinical pathological changes and thereby control disease progression.
78
What are examples of Secondary prevention?
* Includes screening procedures (Mammogram)
* Routine blood sugar testing for people over 40
*Routine blood pressure checks.
* PSA test
79
What is Tertiary prevention?
Tertiary prevention seeks to soften the impact caused by the disease on the patient’s function, longevity, and quality of life.
80
What are examples of Tertiary prevention?
Includes cardiac rehabilitation following a myocardial infarction, modifying risk factors, such as assisting a cardiac patient to lose weight; physiotherapy
81
What are some examples of musculoskeletal health conditions associated with occupational exposure?
1. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
2. De Quervian's tendinitis
3. Cervical strain
4. Thoracic outlet syndrome
82
What are some examples of respiratory health conditions associated with occupational exposure?
1. Occupational asthma
2. Intestitial fibrosis
3. Bronchitis
4. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
5. Upper airway irritation
83
What are some Neurological conditions that are associated with occupational exposure?
Chronic encephalopathy
Peripheral neuropathy
Hearing loss
84
What are some examples of infectious diseases associated with occupational exposure?
Blood borne infections - Hep B, HIV
Airborne infections - Tuberculosis
Infections transmitted orally or faecally - Hepatitis A
85
What does level 1 of the health and safety protection involve?
Eliminate the hazards
86
What does level 2 of the health and safety protection involve?
* To substitute the hazard with something safer.
* Isolate the hazard from people.
* To reduce the risks through engineering controls.
87
What does level 3 of the health and safety protection involve?
To reduce the exposure to the hazard using administrative actions
- Use personal protective equipment
88
