Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Health and Environment > H & E pt 2 > Flashcards

H & E pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Becquerel (Bq)?

A

One disintegration/sec.
(3.7×1010 Bq /Curie of radioactivity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is inoizing radiation?

A

Electromagnetic or particulate radiation capable of producing ions by interacting with matter.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Roentgen?

A

The amount of x- or gamma radiation that produces ionization resulting in one electrostatic unit of charge in one cubic centimetre of dry air at standard conditions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Roentgen absorbed dose (RAD)?

A

1 rad represents the energy absorption of 100 ergs per gram of human tissue or material.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Roentgen equivalent in man (REM)?

A

A unit of absorbed dose (in rad) times a quality factor that is used to express the relative biological effect of the particular radiation as compared to gamma-radiation. Personal exposure limits are often expressed in REM.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the types of Ionizing radiation?

A
  • Alpha-Particles
  • Beta-Particles
  • Neutrons
  • X-Radiation
  • Gamma-Radiation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What substance stop alpha rays?

A

A sheet of paper
A dead layer of skin
A film of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which substance stops Beta rays?

A

Thin aluminium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which substance stops Gamma and X- rays?

A

Thick lead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where do alpa & beta particles originate from?

A

They originate in the nuclei of radioactive atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the range of Alpha particles while they travel in the air?

A

1-3 inches in the air before they are absorbed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

True or False? Neutrons have no electrical charge.

A

TRUE!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

True or False? Gamma-rays present an external exposure hazard because of their ability for deep tissue penetration.

A

TRUE!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where are X-rays produced from?

A

X-ray is produced in the orbiting electron of an atom or from free electrons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Fill in the blanks. For X-rays , The range of penetration can be expressed in terms of _________.”

A

Half-Value layer or Mass per unit area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are some professions with the highest radiation exposures?

A
  • Underground uranium miners
  • Commercial nuclear power plant workers.
  • Fuel fabricators
  • Physicians
  • Flight crew
  • Industrial and healthcare radiographers.
  • Well loggers
  • “Homeland Security-based workers” and Customs workers.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which cells have a HIGH sensitivity for radiation?

A
  • Gastric mucosa
  • Esophageal epithelium
  • Mucous membranes
  • Urinary bladder epithelium

GEMU is highhh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which cells have a VERY HIGH sensitivity for radiation?

A
  • Pre-mature blood cells
  • Intestinal epithelium
  • Spermatogonia
  • Ovarian follicular cells
  • Lymphocyte
  • Lens of the eye

“PISOLL “

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which cells have a LOW sensitivity for radiation?

A
  • Ganglion cells
  • Mature blood cells
  • Muscle cells
  • Mature connective tissue

“GMMM”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the exposure limit for equivalent dose for lease of the eye?

A

15 Rem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the exposure limit equivalent dose for skin, hands and feet?

A

50 rem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the two types of Adverse effects of Ionising radiation?

A

i) genetic (Stochastic effects)
ii)somatic/deterministic effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are different devices that can be used to monitor radiation?

A
  • Ionization chambers
  • Geiger-Muller Counters
  • Personal monitors:
    • Film badges
      Thermoluminescence
      • Detectors
      • Pocket dosimeters
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the natural and anthropogenic drivers of climate change?

A
  • The chain from greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
  • Atmospheric concentrations of GHG’s.
  • Radiative forcing.
  • Climate response and effects.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the Greenhouse gases?

A

Carbon dioxide

Methane

Nitrous oxide

Hydrofluorocarbons

Perfluorocarbons

Sulphurhexafluoride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the most important anthropogenic green house gas?

A

Carbon Dioxide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the second most important long lived greenhouse gas?

A

Methane (CH4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are sources that emit Nitrous Oxide?

A

Oceans
Soil
Biomass burning
Fertiliser use
Various industrial processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the greenhouse effect?

A

The greenhouse effect occurs as a result of greenhouse gases trapping the sun’s heat and keeping it close to the earth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

By how much degrees celsius does the greenhouse effect warm the earth?

A

33 degrees Celsius warmer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the temperature of the earth now?

A

15 degrees celsius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What diseases are the most climate sensitive?

A

Heat stress
Effects of storm
Air pollution effects
Asthma
Vector-borne diseases
Water-borne diseases
Food-borne diseases
Sexually transmitted diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Who recognised lead toxicity among miners?

A

Hippocrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Who described a bladder-derived mask used to control dust and lead fumes?

A

Pliny the Elder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Who is recognised as the father of occupational medicine and published signal work “ The disease of tradesmen?”

A

Bernardino Ramazini

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Who said that “All things are poisons; the dose
distinguishes a poison from a remedy” and also provided guidelines on metal toxicity?

A

Phillipus Paracelsus

37
Q

What did Alice Hamiton do?

A

Initiated the practice of Industrial
hygiene in the USA.

38
Q

Who discovered that one can develop scrotal cancer in Chimney Sweeps?

A

Sir Percival Pott

39
Q

What are the classifications of occupational hazard?

A
  • Chemical
  • Biological
  • Physical
  • Ergonomic
  • Psychosocial
40
Q

What are examples of Chemical Hazards?

A
  • Liquid, dust, fume, mist, vapour/gas Exposure pathways
  • Dose response relationships
  • Threshold or “no adverse effect level”
  • Toxic effects
  • LD50 & LC50
41
Q

What are examples of Physical Hazards?

A
  • Noise, vibration & ultrasound
  • Extremes of temperature (Heat & Cold)
  • Radiation
  • Pressure changes
42
Q

What is Ergonomics?

A

Science of fitting workplace conditions and job demands to the capabilities of the working population.

43
Q

What are the goal of Ergonomics?

A

i) To decrease risk of injuries & illnesses.
ii) To improve worker performance
iii) To decrease work discomfort and
to improve the quality of work life.

44
Q

What are the Physical Classification of Airborne Contaminants?

A
  • Gases
  • Vapours
  • Dust : > single small molecules up to 500 micrometers in diameter
  • Fumes
45
Q

What is the physical classification of airborne contaminants?

A
  • Mists : From a few micrometers up to 100μm
  • Fog: Typically, smaller than mists (1- 10μm)
    (less important than mists in OSH)
  • Smoke: Complex mixture of solid, liquid aerosols, gases & vapours, resulting from incomplete combustion.
  • Fibres: Aspect ratio of 3:1 (≥ 5μm- ≤ 200 μm)
46
Q

What are the Physiological Classification of Airborne Contaminants?

A

 Irritants
 Asphyxiants
 Narcotics & anesthetics
 Systemic poisons
 Special respiratory agents
 Sensitizers
 Carcinogens
 Mutagens
 Teratogens

47
Q

What is Time Weighted Average (TLV- TWA)?

A

The time weighted average conc. for a normal 8-hour workday.

48
Q

What is Short Term Exposure Limit (TLV -STEL)?

A

Concentration to which workers can be exposed continuously for a short period of time (15 mins) .

49
Q

What is the basic assumptions of the TLVs/PELs?

A
  • Exposure is confined to one job in one workplace for 8 hours/day.
  • Workers are not exposed to community/environmental air pollution.
  • Workers are age-specific.
  • Work is done at a moderate work rate.
  • Effects of multiple chemical exposures are additive not synergistic.
50
Q

What is the most effective method of controlling Occupational environment?

A

Elimination

51
Q

What is a hazard?

A

This is the potential for natural or man-caused event to occur with negative consequences.

52
Q

What is a disaster?

A

This is a natural or man caused event which causes intense negative impact on people, goods and services and or the environment, exceeding the affected community’s internal capability to respond.

53
Q

What are examples of major natural disaster?

A

Flood
Cyclone
Drought
Earthquake

54
Q

What are some minor natural disasters?

A

Coldwaves
Thunderstorms
Heat waves
Mud slides
Storms

55
Q

What are major man-made disasters?

A

Setting of fires
Epidemics
Deforestation
Pollution
Wars

56
Q

What are minor manmade disasters?

A

Road/train accidents
Riots
Food poisoning
Industrial disaster/crisis
Environmental pollution etc.

57
Q

What are the elements of risk in every community?

A

Location
Exposure
Vulnerability
Hazards

58
Q

What is Vulnerability?

A

A measure of the intrinsic susceptibility of structures, contents and processes to fail once they are exposed to potentially damaging natural phenomena.

59
Q

What is a Risk?

A

A measure of the probability of expected loss for a given hazardous event.

60
Q

What are examples of the non-structural elements?

A

Ceilings, windows, laboratory equipment, inventory stored on shelves, computers, electrical equipment, furnishings and light fittings

61
Q

What are examples of Atmospheric hazards?

A

Hurricane
Tornadoes
Drought
Wildfires

62
Q

What are examples of Geological Hazards?

A

Earthquakes
Volcanic eruption
Landlsides
Tsunamis

63
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ _____________- are hydrologic hazards.”

A

Floods

64
Q

What is rehabilitation?

A

The restoration of basic social functions.

65
Q

What is reconstruction?

A

The full resumption of socio- economic activities plus preventive measures.

66
Q

What are the Aims of Disaster management?

A

Reduce - Reduce (avoid, if possible) the potential losses from hazards.

Assure - Assure prompt and appropriate assistance to victims when necessary.

Achieve- Achieve rapid and durable recovery.

67
Q

What are factors contributing to risks of disasters?

A

 Deforestation
 Improper disposal of waste
 Destruction of ozone layer
 Lack of education
 Lack of proper planning
 Development in areas not suitable

68
Q

What are the Psychological effects of disasters?

A
  • Loss of spirit and low morale of citizens.
  • Trauma of displacement
  • Loss of productive faith in the future
69
Q

What are the factors affecting Vulnerability of Disasters?

A

 Location/geography
 Population
 Economy
 Traditional values
 Time of occurrence
 Housing and infrastructure  Ability to respond

70
Q

What are human activities that increase vulnerability?

A
  • Improper land use and development - deforestation.
  • Disposal of solid waste in steep hillsides.
  • Inadequate drainage of self- built water supplies.
  • Poorly maintained septic tanks.
  • Rapid urbanization – informal settlements.
  • Global climate change.
71
Q

What is the role of Public health in Disaster management?

A
  • Conduct rapid health assessment.
  • Increase in the promotion of healthy behaviours.
  • Prevent or reduce the spread of diseases or epidemics.
  • Assure quality and accessibility of health services.
  • Community-wide prevention programs.
72
Q

What are the steps in preparation for disasters?

A
  • Planning
  • Testing (simulation drills)
  • Training of persons
  • Public awareness
  • Legislation
  • Inter- sectoral approach and coordination
  • Vulnerability analysis
73
Q

What is Primordial Prevention?

A

Primordial prevention consists of actions to minimize future hazards to health and hence inhibit the establishment factors (environmental, economic, social, behavioural, cultural) known to increase the risk of disease.

74
Q

What are examples of Primordial prevention?

A

Outlawing alcohol, banning smoking in buildings, improving sanitation, promoting healthy lifestyles.

75
Q

What is Primary prevention?

A

Primary prevention seeks to prevent the onset of specific diseases via risk reduction: by altering behaviours or exposures that can lead to disease, or by enhancing resistance to the effects of exposure to a disease agent.

76
Q

What are examples of Primary prevention?

A

Smoking cessation and vaccination, adding fluoride to drinking water/table salt

77
Q

What is Secondary prevention?

A

Secondary prevention includes procedures that detect and treat pre-clinical pathological changes and thereby control disease progression.

78
Q

What are examples of Secondary prevention?

A
  • Includes screening procedures (Mammogram)
  • Routine blood sugar testing for people over 40
    *Routine blood pressure checks.
  • PSA test
79
Q

What is Tertiary prevention?

A

Tertiary prevention seeks to soften the impact caused by the disease on the patient’s function, longevity, and quality of life.

80
Q

What are examples of Tertiary prevention?

A

Includes cardiac rehabilitation following a myocardial infarction, modifying risk factors, such as assisting a cardiac patient to lose weight; physiotherapy

81
Q

What are some examples of musculoskeletal health conditions associated with occupational exposure?

A
  1. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
  2. De Quervian’s tendinitis
  3. Cervical strain
  4. Thoracic outlet syndrome
82
Q

What are some examples of respiratory health conditions associated with occupational exposure?

A
  1. Occupational asthma
  2. Intestitial fibrosis
  3. Bronchitis
  4. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
  5. Upper airway irritation
83
Q

What are some Neurological conditions that are associated with occupational exposure?

A

Chronic encephalopathy
Peripheral neuropathy
Hearing loss

84
Q

What are some examples of infectious diseases associated with occupational exposure?

A

Blood borne infections - Hep B, HIV

Airborne infections - Tuberculosis

Infections transmitted orally or faecally - Hepatitis A

85
Q

What does level 1 of the health and safety protection involve?

A

Eliminate the hazards

86
Q

What does level 2 of the health and safety protection involve?

A
  • To substitute the hazard with something safer.
  • Isolate the hazard from people.
  • To reduce the risks through engineering controls.
87
Q

What does level 3 of the health and safety protection involve?

A

To reduce the exposure to the hazard using administrative actions

  • Use personal protective equipment
88
Q
A

Health and Environment (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions