H R Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
Rogers proposed what 6 necessary and sufficient conditions for client change?
A
▪️Psychological contact between the counselor and client. A relationship between the counselor and client must exist.
▪️Client incongruence. The client experiences incongruence between experience and awareness. The experience of incongruence leaves the client feeling vulnerable and anxious.
▪️Counselor congruence. The counselor demonstrates congruence within the therapeutic relationship and may use self-disclosure to establish and build rapport with the client.
▪️Counselor unconditional positive regard. The counselor demonstrates a non-judgmental attitude toward the client and unconditionally accepts the personhood of the client.
▪️Counselor empathy. The counselor experiences an empathetic understanding of the client’s worldview and communicates this empathy to the client in order to reinforce the counselor’s unconditional positive regard.
▪️Client perception of the relationship. The client perceives the counselor’s empathetic understanding and unconditional positive regard.
2
Q
Ralph Greenson (1967) proposed that the therapeutic relationship comprised what 3 interrelated elements?
▪️ Vital aspect in counseling?
A
▪️Working alliance; Transference relationship; Real relationship.
▪️Vital for clients to discriminate between their transference relations with the counselor (transference relationship) and their authentic perceptions of the counselor (i.e., the real relationship).
3
Q
What is Bordin’s (1979) conceptualization of the working alliance and the 3 constructs?
A
▪️The working alliance is a “collaboration for change”
▪️3 constructs:
🔸agreement on the goals of counseling;
🔸agreement on the tasks that will help the client achieve the goals;
🔸the psychological bond between the counselor and client.
4
Q
According to Bordin, what is important in degree of change a client makes?
▪️ Studies show? (2)
A
▪️The strength of the working alliance.
▪Studies️:
🔸Empirically confirmed that a strong working alliance does appear to affect client outcomes across a variety of treatment modalities and client issues.
🔸A poor working alliance early in the relationship predicted premature dropout.
5
Q
Counselor qualities associated with a strong working alliance? (3)
A
Researchers have found that counsellors who are:
🔸warm,
🔸flexible,
🔸️actively involved in the counseling process
have a high degree of comfort with close interpersonal relationships.
6
Q
Helping relationships - What is resistance?
A
Clients’ unwillingness to work on their problems and initiate changes in their lives.
7
Q
3 models that address why clients are resistant are?
A
▪️anxiety control
▪️noncompliance
▪️negative social influence
8
Q
The Freudian theories’ explanation of resistance:
▪️Name?
▪️Explanation?
A
▪️Anxiety control
▪️Resistance is due to attempts to repress unconscious, anxiety-causing memories to preserve their self-concept or ability to function
9
Q
Behaviorism theory’s explanation of resistance:
▪️Name?
▪️Resistance occurs when?
▪️Common reasons? (3)
A
▪️Noncompliance.
▪️Resistance is displayed when clients do not complete their
behavioral homework.
▪️Reasons:
🔸the lack of necessary skills or knowledge of the client to follow behavioral assignments;
🔸negative expectations or cognition of the client about therapeutic outcome or process;
🔸undesirable environmental conditions.
10
Q
Explanation of resistance - Otani’s Negative social influence:
▪️Explanation?
▪️May manifest how (5)?
▪️When is it an issue?
▪️Counsellors must?
A
▪️Resistance is caused by the presence of a negative dynamic in the counselor–client relationships or a client’s desire for power or control in the relationship.
▪️Can manifest itself as silence, minimal self-disclosure, intellectualizing, missing appointments, and excessive small talk.
▪️Becomes an issue when it is habitual.
▪️Counselors must carefully monitor clients’ resistant behaviors and their own behavior to help determine the root cause and how to address it.
11
Q
The five factor model:
▪️ Definition? (3).
▪️ AKA?
▪️ Developed by?
▪️ The 5 factors are?
A
▪️Definition: a model of personality that breaks the construct of personality down into five factors; evidence-based; considered important and comprehensive.
▪️AKA the “Big Five”.
▪️Costa and McCrae (2005 ).
▪️OCEAN: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
12
Q
Big 5 - Openness factor -
▪️ High in openness? (4)
▪️ Low in openness? (2)
A
▪️High: 🔸rich imaginations, 🔸strong awareness of their emotions, 🔸intellectual curiosity, 🔸desire to seek out new experiences and ideas.
▪️Low:
🔸closed,
🔸more conventional.
13
Q
Big 5 - conscientiousness factor:
▪️High in conscientiousness? (4)
▪️Low in conscientiousness? (2)
A
▪️high: 🔸plan carefully, 🔸responsible, 🔸strive for achievement, 🔸adept at self-regulating their behavior.
▪️low:
🔸more spontaneous,
🔸more risk-takers.
14
Q
Big 5 - extraversion factor:
▪️High in extraversion? (3)
▪️Low in extraversion? (2)
A
▪️Extroverts:
🔸social,
🔸outgoing,
🔸energetic.
▪️Introverts:
🔸prefer more time alone,
🔸engage in quieter activities.
15
Q
Big 5 - agreeableness factor:
▪️High in agreeableness? (5)
▪️Low in agreeableness? (2)
A
▪️agreeable: 🔸trusting, 🔸friendly, 🔸easy to get along with, 🔸interested in others, 🔸compassionate.
▪️disagreeable:
🔸care less about other people’s feelings,
🔸care more about achieving their own wants and needs.
16
Q
Big 5 - neuroticism factor:
▪️High in neuroticism? (5)
▪️Low in neuroticism? (2)
A
▪️high 🔸emotionally imbalanced, 🔸anxious, 🔸depressed, 🔸have trouble coping with stress, 🔸have negative moods.
▪️low:
🔸more stable,
🔸better able to regulate their emotions.
17
Q
Test used to assess the Big 5?
▪️Typical results?
▪️Used for?
A
▪️NEO Personality Inventory–Revised (NEO-PI-3; Costa and McCrae, 2005).
▪️People usually possess moderate degrees of each of the five factors, rather than being at either extreme.
▪To help formulate useful interventions.
18
Q
What are the stages of counseling? (3)
A
▪Relationship-building (beginning stage).
▪Action/intervention (middle stage).
▪Termination (end stage).
19
Q
The stages of counseling - first stage:
Generally called?
Includes? (4)
A
The relationship-building stage.
▪️ establish an open, trusting, and collaborative relationship,
▪️ explain the concept of informed consent,
▪️ discuss the counseling process,
▪️ clarify the roles and responsibilities of counselor and client.
20
Q
The stages of counseling - second stage:
Generally called?
Includes? (4)
A
The action/intervention stage.
▪assessment, direct or indirect, eg, nonverbal communication and appearance, genogram, psychological tests, strategic questioning;
▪️target the issues and goals;
▪️techniques and interventions;
▪️continual evaluation of progress to address obstacles or resistance.
21
Q
The stages of counseling - third stage:
▪️Generally called?
▪️Includes? (4)
▪️Whose responsibility?
▪️Occurs when? (2)
A
▪️The termination stage.
▪️includes helping clients process their emotions, highlighting progress, encourage future progress, and summarize the experience;
▪️counselor’s responsibility to effectively end;
▪️usually occurs after clients have achieved their goals, but it’s the ethical duty of the counselor to terminate and refer if client is not making progress or counselor doesn’t have adequate skills to help.
22
Q
One of the most widely used models of behavioral change:
▪️Has what 2 names?
▪️Developed by?
A
▪️The stages of change and the transtheoretical model
▪️Prochaska, DiClemente, and Norcross (1992)
23
Q
The 6 stages of change are?
A
▪️Precontemplation; ▪️Contemplation; ▪️Preparation; ▪️Action; ▪️Maintenance; ▪️Termination.
24
Q
The stages of change - Precontemplation? (2)
A
▪️Individuals are not aware that a problem exists and, therefore, have no intention to change their behavior.
▪️Are often in counseling because of pressure from those around them, who recognize that a problem exists.
25
The stages of change - Contemplation? (2)
▪️Are aware that a problem exists and likely to realize the benefits of change.
▪️Are seriously considering change, ruminate, become ambivalent, don't commit to action.
26
The stages of change - Preparation? (3)
▪️Are not yet able to take successful action toward change.
▪️Are fully intending to make changes in the very near future.
▪️Are taking “baby steps”.
27
The stages of change - Action? (2)
▪️Begin to modify behaviors and take visible action toward change.
▪️Begin to acquire and engage in new, functional behaviors.
28
The stages of change - Maintenance? (2)
▪️Free from the original problem behaviors.
▪️Able to sustain action for extended periods of time, preventing relapse of problem behaviors.
29
The stages of change - Termination? (2)
▪️No longer need to take action to prevent the relapse of problem behaviors.
▪️Have completed the change process.
30
Use of Stages of Change model in counseling? (3)
▪️Seen as spiral in nature, with clients relapsing to earlier stages before achieving permanent change.
▪️Assess client stage of change.
▪️Set therapeutic role, goals, and interventions to match.
31
Consultation? (2)
▪️Formal collaborative process of meeting to solve a problem.
▪️Collegial, nonhierarchical relationship.
32
What are the 7 models of consultation?
```
▪Collaborative-dependent;
▪Collaborative-interdependent;
▪Triadic-dependent;
▪️Caplan's mental health consultation;
▪Behavioral consultation;
▪Process consultation;
▪️The consultation process.
```
33
Models of consultation - triadic-dependent? (3)
▪️One of the most familiar forms of consultation.
▪Consultee relies on the expert consultant for help in resolving a client’s problem.
▪Consultee puts the consultant’s recommendations into action.
34
Models of consultation - collaborative-dependent? (2)
▪️Consultee relies on consultant for help,
▪️But both parties contribute their unique background and skills to resolve the problem
35
Models of consultation - collaborative-interdependent? (2)
▪️Ideal for addressing problems that are intricate and involve the larger society ( Erford, 2015 ).
▪️No single “expert”; each has specialized knowledge, all have equal authority, and all contribute to problem-solving.
36
Models of consultation - Caplan's mental health consultation has what overarching goal? (1)
To Improve the consultee’s ability to deal with current and future work problems and improve job performance
37
Models of consultation - Caplan's mental health consultation specifies:
▪What 4 types of consultation?
▪️Define each.
▪️Client-Centered Case: consultant assesses and diagnoses the client in order to help the consultee develop a plan.
▪️Consultee-Centered Case: focuses on remediating the professional functioning of a consultee to improve client functioning; may help improve knowledge, skills, confidence, objectivity.
▪️Program-Centered Administrative: consultant assists an organization regarding a new program or a specific part of organizational functioning.
▪️Consultee-Centered Administrative: consultant works to improve the professional functioning and problem-solving skills of employees within an organization.
38
Models of consultation - process consultation model:
▪️Part of what?
▪️Its 10 key principles include?
▪Organizational development
▪️1. Always try to be helpful. 2. Always stay in touch with current reality. 3. Access your ignorance. 4. Everything you do is an intervention. 5. The client owns the problem and solution. 6. Go with the flow. 7. Timing is crucial. 8. Be constructively opportunistic with confrontational interventions. 9. Everything is a source of data; errors are inevitable, so learn from them. 10. When in doubt share the problem.
39
Models of consultation - behavioral consultation model of Bergan and Kratochwill (1990):
▪️Based on?
▪️Type of relationship between the consultant and consultee? (2)
▪️Primary goals? (3)
▪️Operant conditioning.
▪️Collegial, but consultant is viewed as the authority figure who assumes primary responsibility.
▪️Primary goals: change client’s behavior, change consultee’s behavior, or create organizational change.
40
Models of consultation - The consultation process model? (4)
▪️Consultant establishes rapport with the consultee, explains the process, and defines the responsibilities of each participant.
▪️Consultant works with the consultee to assess and define the problem in clear, specific terms, and set a goal related to the identified problem.
▪️Solutions are brainstormed, evaluated, selected, and implemented.
▪️After an intervention has been executed, determine its effectiveness and whether to either terminate the consultative relationship because the goal has been achieved or return to the drawing board to devise another strategy.
41
What is Psychological first aid (PFA)? (2)
▪️Used to respond to individuals who have experienced a disaster, terrorist attack, or other disturbing event.
▪️An evidence-based approach.
42
Steps in Psychological first aid? (4)
▪️assess needs and help in getting the most basic needs met (i.e., food, water, clothing, shelter).
▪️provide accurate, developmentally appropriate information about the situation.
▪️help connect survivors to family, friends, and community organizations for support.
▪️for those who want to talk, be there to listen, comfort, provide hope, information, emotional support.
43
Basic Counseling Skills include? (11)
▪️Attending - includes verbal encouragers: door openers and minimal encouragers.
▪️Questioning - open and closed.
▪️Reflecting.
▪️Paraphrasing.
▪️Summarizing - includes noting themes, connections.
▪️Empathetic understanding.
▪️Confronting - includes noting discrepancies and feedback on nonverbal behavior.
▪️Interpreting.
▪️Self-disclosure.
▪️Feedback - sharing thoughts, feelings, and impressions about the client directly, using I statements.
▪️Giving information.
44
First force of counseling?
Second?
Third?
Fourth?
▪️Psychodynamic theories.
▪️Behaviorism.
▪️Humanistic.
▪️Multiculturalism.
45
Common elements in psychodynamic theories? (2)
▪️concerned with explaining the psychological forces that drive human behavior.
▪️the interaction between people’s conscious and unconscious motivations.
46
Rogerian therapy - 3 essentials?
Empathy, genuineness, unconditional positive regard.
47
The therapeutic alliance:
▪️ also referred to as?
▪️ significance of?
▪️The working alliance or therapeutic relationship.
▪️One of the most important predictors of whether clients will benefit from counseling, regardless of theoretical orientation and type of problem.
47
4 types of psychodynamic theory?
▪️Freudian psychoanalysis.
▪️Jungian.
▪️Neo-Freudian.
▪️Individual (Adlerian)
48
Beliefs of Freudian psychoanalysis:
▪️Psychological disorders are caused by?
▪️Therapy may involve? (4).
▪Psychological disorders stem from people’s unconscious conflicts and repressed desires.
▪️May involve:
🔸Help clients make the unconscious conscious.
🔸Help clients address unresolved psychosexual developmental stages.
🔸Often, restructuring of clients’ personalities.
🔸May meet a few times every week for years.
49
Freud's 3 types of consciousness?
▪️The conscious mind - everything occurring in the present.
▪️The preconscious mind combines characteristics of both the conscious and unconscious minds. For example, forgotten memories and knowledge, with assistance or cues, they can easily be recalled.
▪️The unconscious mind contains memories, instincts, and drives that are exceedingly difficult to bring to a person’s conscious awareness.
50
Freud said personality development depended on the interplay of what 3 elements?
Id, ego, superego.
51
Freud's concept of id:
▪️Principle?
▪️In what part of mind?
▪️Characteristics?
▪Operates on the pleasure principle.
▪Resides in a person’s unconscious.
▪Unprincipled, selfish, impetuous, ruled by primitive drives (e.g., food, sex, aggression), and concerned solely with achieving pleasure, no matter what the consequences.
52
Freud's concept of ego:
▪️Principle?
▪️In what part of mind?
▪️Characteristics?
▪️operates on the reality principle;
▪️found mainly in the conscious part of the mind;
▪️balances the id and the superego, it exists to “keep the person from being either too self-indulgent or too morally restrained," logical, rational, allows the person to function effectively in society.
53
Freud's concept of superego:
▪️Principle?
▪️In what part of mind?
▪️Characteristics?
▪️operates on the morality principle;
▪️exists in the unconscious;
▪️a person’s conscience, expects perfection, if not followed, the result is often a sense of guilt.
54
Freudian transference?
▪️ occurs when a client brings feelings from a past relationship into the counseling relationship, often transferring those feelings onto the clinician
55
What is Freudian countertransference?
Occurs when clinicians transfer feelings from past relationships onto clients.
56
Freud's psychoanalytic techniques included? (5)
Purpose?
▪techniques included:
🔸free association, 🔸dream analysis, 🔸interpretation of thoughts, emotions, and behavior, as well as dreams, 🔸analysis of transference and resistance.
▪️to help clients uncover their unconscious thoughts, desires, and memories
57
Purpose of free association?
Help clients decrease their self-censorship.
58
Freud's ideas on dreams? (2)
What are his 2 types of dream content?
▪️Dreams are:
🔸"The royal road to the unconscious.”
🔸Represent unmet wishes and desires.
▪Content:
🔸Manifest content is the symbolism in dreams with meaning that is easily perceived.
🔸Latent content is the symbolism in dreams that is harder to understand and interpret.
59
Name 4 neo-Freudian approaches.
```
Four:
🔸ego psychology,
🔸interpersonal psychoanalysis,
🔸object relations,
🔸self-psychology.
```
60
What is Ego psychology? (2)
▪Based on Freud’s concepts of the id, ego, and superego.
▪️Ego psychologists help people whose egos have become conflicted by drives and desires adapt to their environment through resolving these conflicts, leading to a more autonomous ego.
61
Name 4 Ego psychologists.
🔸Heinz Hartmann,
🔸Anna Freud,
🔸Edith Jacobson,
🔸Margaret Mahler.
62
What is Interpersonal psychoanalysis? (3)
Who developed it?
🔸It contends that people’s mental disorders stem from dysfunctional patterns of interpersonal interactions.
🔸 Analysts help clients by exploring their interpersonal relationships and their relationship with the analyst in the hopes of finding explanations for their disorder.
🔸More focused on present client interactional patterns, than events from the past.
▪️Developed by Henry Stack Sullivan.
63
What is Object relations theory? (3)
▪️ In object relations theory, objects are people or things that meet a child’s need (e.g., mother, father, mother’s breast),
▪️ People’s personalities are developed through early parent–child interactions. Healthy personality development is dependent on satisfying interpersonal relationships.
▪️ As they get older, children form internal mental representations of these external objects, which may or may not be accurate. If children encounter splitting (seeing objects “in black and white,” such as all good or all bad) and are unable to move past these polarities to integrate the complexity of human behavior, their psychological health and ability to form relationships will be negatively affected.
64
Contributors to Object relations theory include? (5)
```
🔸W. R. D. Fairbairn,
🔸Otto Kernberg,
🔸Melanie Klein,
🔸Margaret Mahler,
🔸 D. W. Winnicott.
```
65
What is Self-psychology? (2)
Developed by whom?
▪️ Self-psychology asserts that psychological disorders result from unsatisfied developmental needs, eg lack of empathy.
▪️ Clients benefit more from analyst empathy.
▪️ Developed by Heinz Kohut.
66
Who developed the theory of individual psychology, also known as?
▪️ Alfred Adler.
▪️ Adlerian psychology.
67
```
Adler's Individual Psychology -
▪️ view of human nature? (3)
▪️ healthy individuals have? (2)
▪️ relationship w CTs?
▪️ approach w CTs? (3)
```
▪️ view of human nature is highly optimistic and holistic; each person strives for growth
▪ healthy individuals have social interest and compassion
▪️ trusting, egalitarian relationship with clients
▪️ help them develop insight; use teaching and interpretation
68
Inferiority and superiority complexes? (3)
▪️ How do they develop?
▪️ Adler contended that all individuals have the propensity for feeling inferior to others.
▪️ Affects their ability to live healthy, socially interested, and goal-directed lives.
▪️ Feelings of inferiority can lead to overcompensation, resulting in a superiority complex.
▪️ Most individuals develop inferiority/superiority complexes because of 🔸early parent–child relationships involving an overly critical parent, 🔸physical limitations or disabilities, 🔸mental limitations or disabilities, or 🔸socioeconomic barriers.
69
Who believed what about the significance of birth order?
Adler believed it influences personality development.
70
Firstborns tend to be?
Second borns?
Middle children?
Youngest children?
▪️ Firstborns are often the leaders of the family and take over responsibility should a parent be impaired or unavailable.
▪️ Second children strive to differentiate themselves from the firstborn, may become competitive; often more relaxed and easygoing, but expend more energy seeking parents’ attention.
▪️ Middle children often feel left out, but they are the children best able to adapt to new situations.
▪️ Youngest children are sometimes pampered or spoiled and, thus, may have a hard time acting independently; usually receive the same amount of attention as firstborns and benefit from the examples set by siblings.
71
Adler used the term lifestyle.
▪️ how and when is lifestyle determined? (2)
▪️ people with healthy lifestyle do what?
▪️ lifestyle is established by 5 years old as a result of early life and interactions with the family.
▪️ his phenomenological perspective asserted that the person’s perception of those events also influenced lifestyle.
▪️ People with healthy lifestyles 🔸help others, are 🔸involved in society, 🔸work cooperatively, and 🔸live courageously.
72
What did Adler mean by fictions? (1)
Can lead to? (1)
For example? (4)
```
▪️ False beliefs about self and others.
▪ Often lead to unhealthy lifestyles and behaviors such as
🔸 excessive need for success,
🔸 need to be liked by everyone,
🔸 low self-concept,
🔸 overgeneralization.
```
73
Adlerian techniques include? (7)
```
▪️ lifestyle analysis,
▪️ encouragement,
▪️ acting “as if”,
▪️ the question “How would your life be different if you were well?”
▪️ spitting in the client’s soup,
▪️ catching oneself,
▪️ pushbutton technique.
```
74
What is Adler's lifestyle analysis? (3)
▪️ conducted during the first few sessions.
▪️ entails interviewing clients about early life memories (prior to age 10), their perceptions of their relationships with their parents and siblings, family dynamics, their experiences in school and society, and their beliefs about themselves.
▪️ allows the clinician to formulate a theory of the client’s lifestyle, shared with the client to help promote personal insight
75
What is the Adlerian technique of encouragement?
the counselor conveys to a client the conviction that the client can make important lifestyle changes.
76
What is the Adlerian technique of acting as if? (3)
▪️ To practice new behaviors, counselors encourage acting “as if” the client is the person he or she hopes to be someday.
▪️ usually start with small tasks and work up to larger ones; if the client is successful, they can then move on to a more daunting task.
▪️ helps clients realize that they are capable of changing and being the person they want to be.
77
What is the purpose of the Adlerian technique of asking “How would your life be different if you were well?”
▪️ to help clients think about the possibility of no longer having their problem;
▪️ to show clients that they have the ability to change their lives;
▪️ to gain a clearer picture of what the client would like to change.
78
What is the Adlerian technique of spitting in the client’s soup?
▪️ Points out certain client behaviors so that the behavior no longer seems as desirable to the client.
▪️ For example, a counselor may tell a client that she seems to disparage her sister to feel better about herself.
79
What is the Adlerian technique of catching oneself? (3)
▪️ It is the technique of catching oneself when they are engaging in the behaviors that are perpetuating their problem;
▪️helps clients gain awareness of self-defeating thoughts and behaviors;
▪️ gives them responsibility for creating change in their lives.
80
What is the Adlerian pushbutton technique? (5)
▪️ clients are instructed that they have control over how they respond to, perceive, and recollect people and events;
▪️ they have the ability to pay attention to either negative or positive thoughts, memories, and experiences.
▪️ by focusing on the positive, they learn that positive feelings result and, thus, are encouraged to push the positive button rather than the negative one.
▪️ used to teach clients that they play a role in maintaining their problems.
▪️ teaches clients the relationship between their thoughts and emotions.
81
The name of Carl Jung's theory?
Jungian Analytic Psychology.
82
Some tenets of Jungian Analytic Psychology? (3)
▪️ focuses on the role of the larger culture, spirituality, dreams, and symbolism in understanding the human psyche.
▪️ the goal of analytic psychology is to help people develop appropriate contact with their unconscious so that they are neither overwhelmed by it nor completely unaware of its forces.
▪️ Individuation is seen as a life goal and is thought to have a holistic, healing effect on individuals.
83
Two types of unconscious, per Jung?
▪️ Define each.
▪️ How understood?
▪️ personal unconscious
🔸 synonymous with Freud’s unconscious
🔸unique to the individual and includes information (e.g., memories, desires, drives) that, at one time, had been conscious but has been forgotten or repressed.
🔸a person can become familiar with this information through dream analysis.
▪️ a collective unconscious shared by the entire human race. Includes archetypes, or overarching human tendencies, which are important for every person to become aware of so that they can become whole and individuated. 🔸understood through studying philosophy, art, religion, mythology, and dreams.
84
What are Jungian archetypes?
| Examples?
▪️ inherent templates for human thought and behavior, or patterns of human experience that have existed since the dawn of humanity.
▪️ The Self, The Persona, The Shadow, The Anima, and The Animus. Also The Child, The Mother, The Father, The Family, The Wise Old Man, The Trickster, and The Hero.
85
What is Jung's The Self?
The Persona?
The Shadow?
Why did Jung think it was crucial that people become aware of their shadows?
▪️ The Self contains the conscious and unconscious aspects of a person and is the primary archetype.
▪️ The Persona can be thought of as the psychological masks that all humans wear; enable people to disguise their true selves to adapt to new situations and function appropriately in society.
▪️ The Shadow is the repressed or unknown aspects of each person; the parts that a person does not want to acknowledge; can be destructive or constructive.
▪️ Jung thought it was crucial that people become aware of their shadows so they do not project them onto other people in their lives.
86
What is Jung's The Anima and The Animus?
| Why did Jung think they were important to understand and accept?
▪️ The Anima comprises female traits that exist in the collective unconscious of men
▪️ The Animus comprises male traits that exist in the collective unconscious of women.
▪️ They exist in all people and people must reconcile and connect with them to avoid projecting them onto others.
87
What did Jung mean by a complex? (4)
▪️ a result of repressed thoughts and desires in the unconscious
▪️ issues that a person needs to resolve.
▪️ According to Jung, complexes revolve around an archetype.
▪️ For example, a person may have a “mother complex.”
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Jung's personality types consist of?
| How do they tend to exist in people?
▪️ consists of:
🔸two attitudes (introversion/ extraversion) and
🔸four functions (sensation/ intuition), (thinking/feeling).
▪️ Although people usually have one dominant attitude and two dominant functions (one from each pair), every person possesses each attitude and function to some degree.
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MBTI -
▪️ Information gathering functions are?
▪️ Decision-making functions are?
▪️ Sensation and intuition are the information-gathering functions.
▪️ Thinking and feeling are the decision-making functions.
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Jungian techniques include (5)?
🔸 Dream interpretation to help clients resolve their problems and begin the process of individuation.
🔸No hidden symbolism in dreams, but trying to understand why objects were chosen.
🔸Explication - a technique used to help clients determine the reason why certain objects appeared in their dreams.
🔸Amplification - comparing dream images to stories or images in myths, fairy tales, literature, art, and folklore.
🔸Active imagination - CTs talk to the characters in their dreams, and thereby connect with their unconscious.
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Behaviorists believe?
All behavior is learned and, therefore, can be unlearned.
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Behaviorist techniques include? (12)
```
🔸Shaping
🔸Maintenance
🔸Extinction
🔸Behavioral rehearsal or roleplaying
🔸Environmental planning
🔸Assertiveness training
🔸Contingency contracts
🔸Token economy
🔸Response cost
🔸Implosion or implosive therapy
🔸Time-out
🔸Overcorrection
```
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What is the behavioral technique of shaping?
Shaping is a technique that reinforces successive approximations of a desired behavior.
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What is the behavioral technique of Maintenance?
Maintenance is clients’ ability to perform desired behaviors without continual reinforcement or help from others.
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What is the behavioral technique of Extinction?
| What is an extinction burst?
▪️ Extinction is the termination of a behavior by withholding reinforcement.
▪️ Undesired behavior would likely increase in frequency and intensity at the onset of this technique.
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What are the behavioral techniques of behavioral rehearsal and roleplaying? (3)
▪️ Clients practice or rehearse new behaviors in a safe environment until they feel confident enough to try the new behaviors outside.
▪️ During behavioral rehearsal, the counselor provides clients with feedback to help them improve performance of the behavior.
▪️ In role-playing, clients try out the new behaviors in dynamic situations, with the counselor or another group member playing a complementary role.
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What is the behavioral technique of Environmental planning?
Environmental planning involves having clients rearrange their environments to encourage or discourage certain behaviors.
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What is the behavioral technique of Assertiveness training?
Assertiveness training teaches clients the distinction between aggression, passivity, and assertiveness. Through the use of shaping, modeling, and behavioral rehearsal, clients learn to speak up for themselves in an appropriate manner.
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What is the behavioral technique of Contingency contracts. (2)
▪️ Contingency contracts are often a chart that lists desired behaviors, space for noting whether the desired behaviors were achieved, and describes the conditions that must be met for the individual to be rewarded.
▪️ Most commonly used with children.
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What is the behavioral technique of a token economy? (3)
▪ A goal details the desired behavior and the teacher establishes a schedule for reinforcing the behavior.
▪️ ️ Teachers give tokens (i.e., secondary reinforcers) to students when they behave appropriately.
▪️ The tokens can then be traded in for primary reinforcers (rewards, e.g., privileges, candy, toys).
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What is the behavioral technique of response cost?
▪️Often used in conjunction with a token economy, response cost reduces undesirable behaviors by removing a positive reinforcement
▪️ e.g., removing a token if a child calls out before being called on to speak.
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What is the behavioral technique of Implosion or implosive therapy?
Implosion or implosive therapy involves having clients imagine hypothetical scenarios that would cause them severe anxiety until they become desensitized to them.
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What is the behavioral technique of Time-out?
Time-out is an aversive behavioral technique (i.e., punishment) that removes a child so that he or she is no longer able to receive any kind of positive reinforcement.
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What is the behavioral technique of Overcorrection? (2)
| Two of examples?
▪️ Overcorrection, an aversive behavioral technique, requires the client to return the environment to its original condition prior to the misbehavior and then make the environment better.
▪️ Often, overcorrection is done repeatedly to serve as a deterrent to future misbehavior.
🔸For example, a child who throws a temper tantrum and throws toys everywhere may be required not only to put the toys back in their appropriate places but also to sweep the floor.
🔸For example, a child who does not hang up his coat is made to practice hanging up his coat 10 times.
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What is Cognitive-behavior modification?
| Who created it?
▪️A cognitive-behavioral approach that trains clients to alter their internal cognitions, (self-talk or self-statements) to change their responses to situations. The assumption is that faulty self-statements lead to deleterious behavior and negative emotions.
▪️ created by Donald Meichenbaum (1996).
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Meichenbaum's Cognitive-behavior modification -
| What is Cognitive restructuring? (4)
▪️A technique to adjust self-talk, targeting the client self-statements that result in problematic behaviors/feelings and replacing them with new statements that are more rational, logical, and positive.
▪️ Once the new, self-statements have been created, the counselor models by using them in a hypothetical situation that would be stressful for the client.
▪️ Finally, the client is encouraged to imagine a stressful situation and discuss out loud the statements she would use to help herself through the situation.
▪️ Once the client has mastered the new self-talk, the counselor asks the client to practice it in the real world.
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Meichenbaum's Cognitive-behavior modification -
| What is Self-instructional training?
▪️ Teaches clients how to alter their thoughts and behavior.
▪️ First, counselors demonstrate appropriate behaviors and thoughts to clients, explaining out loud the reasons for what they are doing.
▪️ Then clients are asked to demonstrate the same behavior and repeat the instructions aloud to themselves.
▪️ Clients continue practicing by speaking out loud or in whispers to themselves until they have mastered the task and need only to repeat the instructions to themselves silently.
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Meichenbaum's Cognitive-behavior modification -
| What is Stress inoculation training (SIT)? (3)
▪️ Combines cognitive and behavioral techniques in 3 phases:
🔸Conceptualization phase - clients are encouraged to identify their stressors; their cognitive, behavioral, affective, and physiological reactions to stress; and the aspects of stress that they can modify.
🔸Skills acquisition and rehearsal phase - counselors teach clients skills to help them cope with stress (e.g., cognitive restructuring, relaxation training, problem solving, etc.), and then the clients practice these new skills.
🔸Application and follow-through phase - clients begin to use these skills while imagining stressful situations and in real-life stressful situations.
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What is Cognitive therapy?
How do counselors help clients? (3)
Developed by?
Role with clients?
▪️ Posits that peoples’ emotions and behaviors are a direct result of their cognitions.
▪️ 🔸Identify clients’ patterns of distorted thinking, 🔸help challenge clients’ logic, and 🔸replace harmful cognitions with more realistic, health-promoting self-statements.
▪️ Aaron Beck.
▪️ cognitive counselors take on the role of expert, collaborator, and educator
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Beck's Cognitive therapy -
| What are automatic thoughts?
Automatic thoughts are immediate, unhealthy internal cognitions.
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Beck's Cognitive therapy -
| Types of distorted thinking include? (7)
```
🔸dichotomous thinking,
🔸selective abstraction,
🔸overgeneralization,
🔸magnification/minimization,
🔸labeling,
🔸mind reading,
🔸negative predictions
```
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Beck's Cognitive therapy -
| Dichotomous thinking? (2)
▪️ AKA all-or-nothing thinking
▪️ Occurs when people evaluate themselves according to extreme categories. If you're not perfect, you're a failure; no middle ground.
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Beck's Cognitive therapy -
| Selective abstraction?
Occurs when people focus on only the negative aspects of a situation to support their distorted thinking rather than examining the bigger picture or context.
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Beck's Cognitive therapy -
| Overgeneralization?
Occurs when clients reach a conclusion based on limited information or experience.
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Beck's Cognitive therapy -
Magnification?
minimization?
▪️ Magnification or catastrophizing, is exaggerating personal flaws or situations.
▪️ Minimization or discounting occurs when people fail to recognize or take ownership of their successes.
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Beck's Cognitive therapy -
| Labeling?
Occurs when people define themselves according to perceived imperfections (e.g., stupid, mean, worthless, ugly).
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Beck's Cognitive therapy -
| Mind reading?
Occurs when people believe that they know what others are thinking about them without any evidence.
118
Beck's Cognitive therapy -
| Negative predictions or fortune telling?
Occurs when people anticipate, without any evidence, that something bad will happen and then alter their behaviors accordingly. May result in a self-fulfilling prophecy.
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Beck's Cognitive therapy techniques? (5)
```
🔸Assist clients in identifying automatic thoughts so they can be challenged and changed.
🔸Cognitive rehearsal
🔸Homework / directives
🔸Scriptotherapy
🔸Thought stopping
```
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Beck's Cognitive therapy techniques -
| Cognitive rehearsal? (2)
▪️ Helps clients practice using their new thoughts before implementing them in an actual situation.
▪️ Counselors may ask clients to imagine certain scenarios and describe the positive self-statements they would use to promote healthy behavior, emotions, and interpersonal interactions.
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Beck's Cognitive therapy techniques -
| homework (directives)?
Used to reinforce learning and skill acquisition outside of session through practice.
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Beck's Cognitive therapy techniques -
| scriptotherapy?
▪️ therapeutic writing
| ▪️ CTs write down their thoughts, which helps to clarify and enhance them.
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Beck's Cognitive therapy techniques -
| Socratic method?
Socratic method - questions to help clients reach their own conclusions about the impact and rationality of their automatic thoughts and thinking patterns.
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Beck's Cognitive therapy techniques -
| Thought stopping?
▪️ Teaches clients to interrupt a pattern of negative self-statements or thinking;
▪️ usually involves the substitution of one thought for another.
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What is Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)?
Primary goal of REBT.
Who developed it?
▪️ proposed that events, in and of themselves, are neither good nor bad; therefore, a person’s feelings are not a direct result of an event. Rather, between the activating event and the emotional consequence, people engage in self-talk, either rational or irrational, that triggers certain emotions
▪️ To dispute people's irrational beliefs and help them change their musts, shoulds, and demands. Desires are much more advantageous than demands, encouraging people to change rather than become hopeless and helpless.
▪️ Albert Ellis
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What are the ABCDEs of REBT?
🔸The activating event (A) is any event or experience that elicits negativity or unease.
🔸People’s belief systems (B) can be either rational or irrational in response to (A) and result in
🔸an emotional consequence (C) that is either beneficial or detrimental.
🔸Irrational beliefs are disputed (D) with the goal of developing an
🔸effective new philosophy (E) with rational beliefs.
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Role of counselor in REBT? (3)
▪️ pay close attention to a client’s disclosures to unearth any irrational ideas or statements.
▪️ be active and teach the client how to dispute those irrational thoughts and replace them with increasingly rational ones.
▪️ be tenacious in showing the clients how unreasonable and self-defeating their thoughts are.
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Most common REBT techniques? (5)
```
🔸Reverse role-playing
🔸Rational emotive imagery
🔸Homework
🔸Emotional control cards
🔸Shame attack exercises
```
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REBT -
| Reverse role-playing?
The counselor pretends to hold the client’s iBs while the client actively practices disputing them.
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REBT -
| rational emotive imagery? (3)
🔸The client is asked to imagine the anxiety-provoking situation, stay with the difficult, painful emotions that surface, and allow himself to be flooded with all of his iBs.
🔸After a few minutes, the counselor asks the client to construct his new rational belief and then repeat this new rational belief over and over until he can palpably feel a shift from his “dysfunctional” emotion to a “self-helping” emotion.
🔸Once this has been accomplished, the client can apply this skill in his everyday life.
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REBT -
Purpose of homework?
Example?
▪️ to help clients reinforce the ABCDEs of REBT outside of the counseling relationship and practice new behaviors.
▪️ practice disputing their iBs for 10 minutes each day.
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REBT -
| Emotional control cards? (2)
▪️ The cards list appropriate and inappropriate feelings, to serve as reminders to clients who are having a difficult time.
▪️ Used to help reinforce the disputation of iBs outside of the counseling sessions.
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REBT -
| shame attack exercise? (2)
▪ Clients participate in an activity that normally creates anxiety to help them realize that the outcomes are not nearly as embarrassing or devastating as they imagine.
▪️ Used when clients have an iB that interferes with their ability to engage in certain activities.
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What is Choice Theory?
| Developed by?
▪A theory of human nature, not a therapy.
▪️ ️People make choices to meet their five basic needs: survival, belonging, power, freedom, and fun.
▪️ People are often unaware of their unmet needs, and must identify them and make choices toward satisfying them.
▪️ William Glasser.
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What is Reality Therapy? (2)
The role of Counselors?
Developed by?
▪️ Most client problems stem from a lack of relationships, or relationships that fail to meet our belonging needs.
▪️ The goal is to help clients connect or reconnect with those they enjoy being with.
▪️ The role of counselors is to serve as educators and models.
▪️ William Glasser
136
Techniques of Reality Therapy? (5)
▪️ Focus on the client’s present relationships.
▪️ Emphasize client choice and responsibility instead of allowing the client to blame others.
▪️ Avoid focusing on client symptoms and seek to challenge traditional views of mental illness.
▪️ Remain nonjudgmental, offering support and patience.
▪️ Assist clients in creating realistic and specific plans for connecting with others.
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Reality Therapy - WDEP System?
| Created by?
▪️4 step process:
🔸W stands for wants : counselors ascertain what clients want and need and what actions they have been taking to fulfill their needs.
🔸D stands for doing: counselors examine clients’ actions, thoughts, and feelings.
🔸E stands for evaluation : counselors encourage clients to evaluate their current behavior and whether it is healthy and responsible, often through the use of questioning.
🔸P stands for plan: clients come up with a plan for meeting their needs in new ways. Plans should be specific, realistic, and measurable.
▪️ Robert Wubbolding
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Client-centered counseling or person-centered therapy -
Developed by?
Tenets?
▪️ Carl Rogers believed it was not necessary for therapists to be directive for client change to occur, that clients would set the pace of counseling and determine the focus of each session.
▪️ Rogers also downplayed the use of techniques, instead focusing on the development of a 🔸trusting, 🔸genuine, and 🔸accepting therapeutic relationship to facilitate change.
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Phenomenological perspective? (3)
▪️ Used by Client-centered counselors
▪️ focus on how clients perceive an event rather than the event itself
▪️ help clients resolve any disparities between their beliefs about themselves and reality, reconcile their ideal self and their real self to become psychologically adjusted and healthy.
140
Rogers' core counseling conditions were?
Which were necessary in order to?
Clients must also?
▪️ core:
🔸genuineness/congruence
🔸respect/unconditional positive regard
🔸empathy
▪promote client change, growth, and self-actualization.
▪️ clients must also regard counselors as genuine, respectful, and empathic.
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Person-centered counseling -
Genuine counselors are? (3)
Genuineness helps?
▪️ Genuine counselors are:
🔸authentic,
🔸honest with their clients,
🔸and ensure that counselor verbal and nonverbal communication is congruent.
▪️ Helps to build trust in the counselor–client relationship.
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Person-centered counseling -
| Why provide unconditional positive regard? (2)
▪️ counselors strive to show respect, acceptance, and unconditional positive regard for their clients as people, even if they do not agree with everything a client does.
▪️ Rogers believed that many people do not experience unconditional regard from friends and family, which undermines their sense of self. Critical for counselors to accept and prize clients no matter what, freeing them to develop a more congruent and integrated identity.
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Person-centered counseling -
| Empathic counselors? (2)
Empathic counselors successfully
🔸enter the client’s worldview and
🔸are able to convey their understanding of a client’s thoughts, feelings, and actions.
144
Techniques and skills commonly used by client-centered counselors?
▪️ de-emphasize the use of specific techniques
▪️ focus on building therapeutic alliance
▪️ counseling skills are used, especially reflecting skills, invitational skills, confronting, and summarizing.
145
Tenets of Existential counseling? (3)
| Pioneered by?
▪️ help clients to find meaning and value in their lives
▪️ help clients to explore philosophical concepts, such as life, death, freedom, and responsibility.
▪️ People have free will.
▪️ Victor Frankl and Rollo May.
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Existential counseling -
Goals of counseling?
Role of the counselor?
▪️ encourage clients to 🔸take responsibility for their lives, 🔸seek and find meaning in their existence, 🔸reflect on and assess their choices, and 🔸improve their relationships with others.
▪️ focus on the present rather than past issues.
▪️ Existential counselors strive to be honest and congruent and establish meaningful relationships with clients.
147
Existential counseling -
What is Logotherapy?
Created by?
Basic ideas?
▪️ Logotherapy is the process of helping clients identify or seek meaning in their lives.
▪️ created by Victor Frankl
▪️ According to Frankl, meaning can be found in everything, even the worst of circumstances. People find meaning in their lives through achievement or creation, suffering, and experiencing and appreciating people and the world around them.
148
Existential counseling -
| What is existential vacuum? (2)
▪️ Meaninglessness.
| ▪️ A concept of Logotherapy.
149
What is an existential dilemma?
| Four dilemmas?
▪️ issues that are central to the experience of being human and have no clear resolutions or answers.
▪️ eg:
🔸Death
🔸Freedom and responsibility: with freedom comes the responsibility of taking action.
🔸Isolation: Aloneness is central to the human experience, one must make one's own life decisions and create meaning for one's life. 🔸Meaninglessness: “Who am I?” and “Why am I here?”
