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Carpentry Level 1 BC 2022 > H1,H2,H3 > Flashcards

H1,H2,H3 Flashcards

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1
Q

3 wall and floor systems?

A
  • platform frame- balloon frame- post, beam, plank
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2
Q

What part of the code book covers 24” o.c. & under? What part covers over 24” o.c.?

A
  • part 9 for 24” or under- part 6 for over 24”
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3
Q

Platform framingWall height?Stud length?Shrinkage for each wall? (Bottom plate, stud, two top plates?

A

Wall height 8’ 3/4”Stud length 92 1/4”1/2” per floor

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4
Q

Balloon framingWall length?Approximate stud length?What holds up the second storey joists?What is required each floor level of balloon framing stud cavities?

A

Wall length runs continous from sill plate (foundation) to top of second storey wall18 feet longLedger that is let into balloon framed wallsFire stops (solid blocking)

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5
Q

Why is platform used more that balloon?What part of code book covers post, beam, and plank?For that part, who is needed to design and inspect the work?

A

Balloon is more time consuming, now rarely usedPart 4Proffesional engineer

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6
Q

Post, Beam, PlankWhat makes this framing different from platform/balloon framing?Whats the upside of planks over plywood?With the large spans, what must you take in consideration?

A

Larger dimensional members that are spaced more than 24” o.c.Planking is thicker, allowing a larger spanAs the members of post, beam, plank increase. Foundation of the points of load must as well

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7
Q

Difference between Post, Beam, Plank and Heavy Timber Construction?What are the 3 industial buildings that use timber framing?

A

Heavy timber uses beams/columns 5” or largerStandard-mill, Semi-mill, Laminated-mill construction

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8
Q

How is standard-mill constructed?How is Semi-mill constructed?How is Laminated-mill constructed?

A

Standard-mill: a column supports the girder, and the girders support the planks that rest directly on the girderSemi-mill: column supports the girders, the girders support the beams (smaller girders), then the beams support the floor plankingLaminated-mill: column supports the girder, the girder supports the planks (planks are nailed together making them laminated)

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9
Q

Which side of lumber will shrink the most?Which of the 3 wall and flooring systems will have the most shrinkage?How is post, beam, plank designed if shrinkage is a concern?Two cladding materials that will have issues with shrinkage?

A

Across its widthPlatformPosts will be constructed to run from the foundation to the roof, and beams will be supported using welded steel brackets attached to the side of the postCement stucco and masonary veneer

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10
Q

What can be done to prep for shrinkage for cement stucco?What can be done to prep for shrinkage for masonry veneer?What will take damage under shrinkage, framing or masonry veneer?

A

Use expansion joints at each floor level to allow the building to move without buckling the stuccoSpace must be left at the top of the masonry veneer, and the space is dependant on the amount of floors.Framing will take damage over masonry veneer

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11
Q

Truss roof systems are common with which type of wall/floor system?Roof beam system are common with which type of wall/floor system?Using combination framing systems, changing plans will require what?

A

Trusses are common with platform and balloon framingRoof beams are common with post, beam, plankA complete review of the design, ex. Removing a bearing wall with a beam may require the foundation to be increased in size

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12
Q

What is permanent wood foundation?What are the 3 properties of PWF?

A

A load bearing, wood frame wall system designed to support light frame construction below grade-lumber and plywood can support the lateral soil pressures-all materials in contact with the ground are protected against decay and insects by pressure treating-protect the building material by directing any ground water away from the foundation

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of wood foundation?2 main principles for energy efficient framing?Hint: techniques

A

-Concrete slab or wood sleeper floor-suspended wood floor basement-unexcaveted or partially excavated crawl space-framing techniques that eliminate unnecessary lumber-framing techniques that leave access for the installation of insulation

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14
Q

What is thermal bridging?What R-value does wood and insulation have per inch?

A

An area of significant lower insulation levels due to their location of framing membersWood has R-1 value, insulation has R-3 value per inch

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15
Q

What does camber mean?What does crown mean?What does breaking joints mean?

A

-Manufactured beam or girder with upward curve built in it.-lumber warps as they dry, that term is called crown. Crowns should be faced up in joists.-staggering the joints in sheathing or top plates.

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16
Q

What does load path mean?What does tributary width mean?What does tributary area mean?

A

-transfer of the load down to the foundation, path is normally vertical.-for beam and lintels is the supported joist lenth bearing on that member.-is the share of the structure that is being supported by a structural building component.

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17
Q

What does cornice mean?What does eave mean?What does parapet mean?What does soffit mean?

A

-cornice is the outward projection of a roof where it meets the wall.-eave or cornice is the projection of the roof system beyond the exterion wall. Included the facia, gutters, rafter tails and soffit.-Parapet is wall that extends above the roofline.-Soffit is the underside of a building component. Eave, beam, open stairs.

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18
Q

If crawl spaces provide access for utility services, whats the minimum clear height access?Before you frame a rough opening, what should you check before hand?

A

-no less than 600mm-obtain the correct rough opening sizes for door and windows from the manufacturer of the supplier before framing the opening.

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19
Q

What are the 3 main joist catogories?What does ledger mean?

A

a) boxing joist (rim joist) perimeter joists around the buildingb) floor joists are members that span from wall to wall or wall to beamc) ceiling joists are used in rafter framed roofs-horizontal board bolted or nailed to the side of a beam, boxing joist, or wall to support joists.

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20
Q

Floors and ceilings will have openings for stair, chimneys, skylight wells.What are the 3 joist names?

A

1) trimmer joist, they run parallel with the joists. They support header joists.2) header joists, they run perpandicular to joists and frame openings. They’re supported by the trimmers and are often doubled. They support the ends of tail joists.3) tail joists, they are regular floor joists that are shortened by the position of the floor opening.

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21
Q

What are the 3 components that complete a wall?Walls that only support their own weight are called?Walls that support a roof, floor, ceiling are called?

A

-plates, studs, and lintels (headers)-non load bearing walls-load bearing walls

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22
Q

Plates are horizontal wood members, what are the 5 plates to do with framing a wall?

A

1) sill plates, they support floor joists and are anchored to the foundation wall.2) bottom plates, they are the lowest horizontal member in a framed wall.3) top plates, are nailed to the top of the studs. Keeps the walls in line, and supports the floor joists.4) double top plates, nailed on top of the top plate. Interlocks corners and wall intersections.5) rough sill, horizontal framing member at the bottom of a window.

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23
Q

Studs are vertical members that run between plates or lintels (headers).What are the names of the 3 studs?What is used above the window and doors for supporting loads?

A

1) common stud, runs full length between the top and bottom plate.2) cripples, studs that are used to support lintels.3) jack studs, used underneth rough sills or used above lintels.-lintels are used above windows and doors.

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24
Q

What does a roof truss consist of?Difference between roof joist and rafter?What does a gable roof need built with roof joists?What supports ceiling finish?

A

-rafters, ceiling joists, and webs. Held together with gusset plates at the joints.-rafter support the roof load, not ceiling finish. Roof joist carries both roof load and ceiling finish.-if framing a gable roof with roof joists, a ridge beam is needed.-ceiling joists support the ceiling finish.

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25
Term ‘tail’ mean?Term ‘purlins’ mean?Term ‘cross purlins’ mean?Term ‘collar ties’ mean?
-portion of the rafter that extends beyond the exterion wall-structural members that run at right angles to the rafters-smaller members that are used to provide cross ventilation above roof joists-horizontal members that connect a pair of opposing rafters and reduce unsupported span
26
What is pony wall?What is knee wall?What is ridge board?What is ridge beam?
-are short walls, used to support roof loads or floor loads.-its a type of pony wall that supports the rafters and closes off the attic space.-highest horizontal member of the roof, top end of roof joists or rafters are attached to it. Isnt used to support the load from rafters.-supports the load of the rafters or roof joists.
27
What does bridging mean?What does blocking mean?What does girt mean?What does strapping mean?
-used between floor joists, helps prevent joists from twisting and helps distribute the floor load-similar to bridging but doesnt help as well as bridging does. Due to shrinkage occuring-pieces of solid blocking installed between the studs, usually mid height. They stiffen the wall and act a fire stops-used to prevent joists from twisting, can be spaced apart to support ceiling finishes or some type of roofing
28
What does wind bracing mean?What does backing mean?What does back framing mean?
-used to stiffen walls, the brace is continous at 45 degrees angle to the floor.-refers to piece of lumber fastened in walls, floors, or ceilings to support finishes, hardware, fixtures, cabinets etc.-process of placing blocking. Most back framing isnt structural, however it is the blocking that is used to transfer point loads through joists.
29
What does clear span mean?What does supported length mean?What does shear wall mean?What does braced wall panel mean?
-clear span of a beam, joist, rafter is the clear distance measured on a horizontal plane-used to determine loads on beams and lintels. Typically uses total span, as opposed to clear span.-protect against high wind loads and seismic events. Structurally sheathed with plywood or another panel product.-is a section of exterior or interior wall that is built similar to a shear wall using the requirements found in part 9 of the building code
30
What is a point load?2 functions of sheathing?Where are collar ties used?
A concentrated load, such as a beam or girder truss rests on a wall1) provides lateral support2) braces floor, wall, or roof diagonallyIn roof framing to reduce the span of rafters
31
1) What are advantages wood has over other building materials?
-renewable resource -strength-unique-lightweight-easily cut-easily fastened-corrosion resistance -holds finishes-heat transfer-electrical energy-renovation-reuse
32
Renewable resource:How long will it take for trees to grow for suitable size for milling to lumber planks?Compared to other materials used in construction, wood is?
40-100 years to mature to a sufficient sizeRelatively cheap and plentiful
33
What is the density for wood?What is the density for steel?What is the density for concrete?In kg/m cubed
Wood approximately 500-600 kg/mSteel approximately 8000 kg/mConcrete approximately 2400 kg/m
34
What is easily cut out of building materials?What is easily fastened out of building materials?What material has the best benifits for heat transfer?(Out of concrete, steel, wood)
Wood is easily cut, drilled, and shaped. Steel and concrete are more difficult to cut.Wood is easily and securely attached to other wood members.Compared to steel or concrete, wood is a good insulator. Interior wood windows do not sweat with condensation with extreme weather conditions.
35
If reusing wood materials, what precautions should be taken?
Nails should be removed with care.Finishing nails should be pulled from the backside to prevent damage to the face of stock.Precautions are for avoiding damages to the members
36
What are 5 disadvantages of wood?(Comparing to steel and concrete)
-swelling and shrinking-decay-flammable-non-uniform-cracks
37
Swelling and shrinking:Which ways do wood swell and shrink?What forms can wood absorb water?
Width and thickness when moisture content in the atmosphere changes.Wood readily absorbs water in liquid and vapour forms because of its cellular structure.Some species can absorb 2 or 3 times their own weight in water.
38
Flammable:How can wooden structures be made fire resistant?What beams will lose its support under heat/fire first? (Wood or metal)
Can be made fire resistant by using other materials over wood, such as plaster or gypsum board.Metal beams will lose their strength under heat way before wood beams lose theirs.i joists lose their strength very quickly under fire
39
3 parts to a tree?Trees are divided into 2 classes, what are they?
Root, trunk, and crown.-hardwood, comes from decicuous trees, which have broad leaves.-softwood, are from coniferous trees (cone bearing) which have narrow leaves called needles
40
What are the 2 main functions of a trunk?What are the 8 types of wood structure in the trunk?
-Provide structural support for the crown-Transport food and moisture from the roots to the crown.1) outer bark. 5) heartwood2) inner bark. 6) pith3) cambium layer. 7) rays4) sapwood. 8) annual growth rings
41
Outer bark:What is the bark’s thickness range from?What does the bark protect from the tree?How is the outer bark formed?
-little as a fraction of a mm to as much as 300 mm-from pests, disease, and damage-by the inner bark changing to outer bark.Outer bark is composed of dead cells and becomes brittle and dry with time.
42
Inner bark:Performs 2 important functions, what are they?
-provides material to add to the outer bark-contains special tube like cells that carry sugars and proteins manufactured in the leaves down to mix with the water and nutrients coming up from the roots
43
Where is cambium layer located?
Located between inner bark and the sapwood. Its in this region that the cells making up the bulk of the tree are formed.These cells are used by the tree to create new sapwood and new inner bark
44
Sapwood:Where is it located?What is its function?What colour does it have?
Between the heartwood and cambium layerIs to carry sap, water, and nutrients from the roots to the leaves and conesIts the light coloured wood
45
Heartwood:What is the main function of heartwood?What portion of the tree is converted to heartwood?How is the colour of heartwood changed?
Gives structural support to the tree, the wood becomes stronger as cell walls harden with the loss of sapEach year a small portion of sapwood is converted to heartwood. Heartwood consists of dead cells.Deepens as the natural tannins and resins darken.These tannins and resins make the heartwood more durable and less susceptible to decay.
46
Rays:What way do rays run in a tree?What do rays look like?
Cells of rays are arranged horizontally rather than vertically in the tree.Rays are long narrow structures that appear as fine lines on the surface of a cross section of a tree trunk or branch.
47
Moisture and drying:What moisture content should framing have?What moisture content should finishing have?
15-19% for framing8-11% for finishing
48
Moisture and drying:Water is found in two places in wood?
Cell cavity, water in the cell cavity is called “free water”Fibres in the cell walls, water in the fibres of the cell walls is called “bound water”(Absorbed water)
49
Moisture and drying:What is FSP?How does FSP happen?When wood dries, what does it give up first? Bound water or free water?
Fibre saturation pointCell walls absorb moisture until they become totally saturated and can hold no moreGives up free water before bound water, reverse occurs when a dry piece of wood is exposed to moisture
50
What is flat grain or plain sawn?What is edge grain or quater sawn?
Boards are cut along the tangential face and tend to cup away from the centres as they lose moisture. If they gain moisture, they cup the other way.Edge grain lumber doesnt suffer as much distortion when exposed to changes in moisture content.
51
What are the 6 species of timber for framing construction?In order from strongest to weakest
1) douglas fir. 5) Spruce pine fir2) western larch. 6) western red cedar3) western hemlock4) Sitka spruce
52
Douglas fir weight, strength, density?What characteristics does it have?
-moderately heavy-very stiff-very strong-very hardOrange red and light pale brown, distinct odour
53
Western larch weight, strength, density?What characteristics does it have?
- very heavy (heaviest of all softwoods)- very stiff- very strong- very hardReddish brown and much lighter yellowish brown shade
54
Western hemlock weight, strength, density?What characteristics does it have?
-medium weight-moderatly stiff-high strength-moderately hardPale yellow/brown to white. No distinctive odour
55
Sitka spruce weight, strength, density?What charateristics does it have?
-Light in weight-Moderately stiff-Moderately strong-Medium soft hardnessCreamy white to a light pinkish tinge. Ideal for ladders and scaffolding
56
Spruce pine fir weight, strength, density?What are some characteristics?
-Moderate weight-Moderately stiff-Moderately strong-Medium soft hardnessQuite light in colour, little to no odour after seasoning
57
Western red cedar weight, strength, density?What are some characteristics?
-Lightweight (lightest of all softwoods)-Moderately stiff-Weak strength-Fairly softPinkish red to a deep warm brown, very distinct odour
58
List five engineered building products?What way does engineered building products use of renewable resource?
Waferboard. FibreboardParticleboard. OSBLVL. Glue laminated beamsPlywood. PSLUsinf the waste that accompanies sawn lumber products and to utilize smaller diameter logs
59
What angle must the grain be to be considered edge grain?Describe plain sawing?
Greater than 45 degreesPlain sawing is cutting through the full width if the log
60
Important:
A) heartwood. E) annual growth ringsB) sapwood. F) cambium layerC) innerbark. G) raysD) outerbark. H) pith
61
Structure of a tree:
Cambrium
62
Tropical woods tend to have an obscure grain, while woods native to north america tend to have an obvious grain?T or FWhat is water in a cell called?What stage of drying does wood begin to shrink?
TrueBound waterOnce free water is all gone from the cells and bound water starts to leave
63
Which is the heaviest species of softwood?Which is the lightest species of softwood?Which 3 species of wood are considered to be the strongest of the softwoods?
Western larchWestern red cedarDouglas fir, larch, hemlock
64
Which species of wood is considered to be free from resins?Which species of wood is best suited for manufacturing ladders?Which species of wood has a deep, warm brown colour?
Western hemlockSitka spruceWestern red cedar
65
Name 4 species with little or no ordour or taste?
Spruce, some species of pine, balsam fir, alpine fir
66
1) grain:2 types of wood form annual growth rings?
Spring wood and summer wood-Spring grows fast and is pourous-Summer grows slower and is dense
67
Edge grain lumber:What will edge grain produce, better than flat grain?Edge grain will shrink how? Compared to flat grain
Resist wear better than lumber with flat grainShrink less across its width than flat grain lumber of the same width
68
What angle does the annual growth rings have to be for edge grain lumber?What angle does the annual growth rings have to be for flat grain lumber?
Greater than 45 degreesLess than 45 degrees
69
Flat or plain sawn: Quarter sawnHow is flat sawn cut a log?How is quarter sawn cut a log?
Cut boards through the full width of the log, most of the boards will be flat grainCutting the log into quarters first and then cutting each quarter into boards that are all edge grain
70
Which is common sawing method for framing lumber?Which is method is used to produce high end finishing lumber?
Flat plain sawn= flat grain most of the boardsQuarter sawn= edge grain all boards
71
Drying:How much moisture content will freshly cut logs have?What is freshly cut logs considered until its dried?What moisture content for framing have to be?
45% for cut logsConsidered green until its dried19% for framingframing lumber is either kiln dried or air dried
72
What does s-dry mean?What does s-grn mean?
Lumber is kiln-dried, dried in steam oven. Its surfaced after kiln drying (s-dry)Lumber is air-dried, lumber surfaced green is surfaced to a slightly larger dimension than kiln-dried (s-grn)
73
What are these abbreviations?S1S S1S2ES2S S2S1ES1E S4SS2E
Surfaced 1 side surfaced 1 side 2 edgeSurfaced 2 side surfaced 3 side 1 edgeSurfaced 1 edge surfaced all 4 sidesSurfaced 2 edge
74
Re-sawn boardsWhat will S4S 2” re-sawn to 1” be?Normally not much demand for 2x8 and 2x10 that is grade #3, what can be done to these boards for reuse?
S1S2E 1”Resawn into 3/4” boards, used as sheathing or fencing
75
Why is lumber surface treated at the mill?Why is lumber packed tightly at the mill?
To give cosmetic protection from mould and sap stainsBecause moisture is usually present
76
Pressure treated:What is used for treating lumber for outdoor uses?What is no longer used?What else does the treatment protect against?
ACQ (alkaline copper quaternary)CCA (chromater copper arsenate)Chemicals protect against fungi that cause rot and agaisnt wood eating insects (termites)
77
First and Second (FAS)Boards graded as FAS have:Minimum width?Minimum lenth?Clear cutting that is atleast?What percent free from defects?No knots wider than?
Minimum width of 6”Minimum length of 8’4” wide by 5’, or 3” wide and 7’ long83% of the face free from defectsNo knots wider than 1/3 of the width of the board
78
Who regulates lumber size and grades for wood frame construction?
NLGA (national lumber grades authority)
79
Surfaced dry:What moisture content will it have leaving the mill?When is s-dry lumber planed to dimension?
19% or less, however it can absorb moisture from damp conditionsAfter it has been through the kiln dried processNeeds to be keep dry when stored to stay within the moisture allowance (19%) for framing lumber
80
Surfaced dry nominal to actual2”4”6”8”10”12”
1 1/2”3 1/2”5 1/2”7 1/4”9 1/4”11 1/4”
81
Surfaced green nominal to actual2”4”6”8”10”12”
1 9/16”3 9/16”5 5/8”7 1/2”9 1/2”11 1/2”\*5 5/8” is the only different one
82
Why does s-green 2-4” have an extra 1/16” and 8, 10, 12” have an extra 1/4”?Can you mix s-dry and s-grn for the same framing project?
Various sizes is in anticipation of shrinkage-wider boards will have greater shrinkageNo it will be problematic
83
Lumber sizes for:Boards?Light framing?Joists and planking?
1” thickness by 2”-12” wide2-4” thick by 2-4” wide2-4” thick by 6”-12” wide
84
Lumber sizes for:Beams and stringers?Posts and timbers?
5” or more in thickness and more than 2” greater in width than in thickness5” by 5” in cross sectional dimensions, they must not be 2” greater in width than in thickness
85
What are the 2 grading methods?Structural light framing is divided into four grades. What is the percentage of strength of a clear defect free boardSel str?No.1?No.2?No.3?
Visual grading, machine stress ratingSel str 67%No 1 55%No 2. 45%No 3. 26%
86
What does a visual grading process require?What are the three stamps for drying?
Inspect every board thats sawn and graded, checks for defects snd then stamps.S-Grn, S-dry and sometimes KD (kiln dried)
87
What does a machine stress rating procedure require?What framing members use machine stress rated lumber?
Lumber passes through a device that messures how much the actual piece of lumber will bend or flex under a given loadEngineered wood trusses
88
Light framing divided into four catagoriesWhat percent of clear defect free boardConstruction?Standard?Utility?Economy?
Const 34%Stand 19%Utility. 9%Econ. (Not rated strength)
89
For logs still uncut:What is a check?What is a shake?
Seperation of the wood, normally occurs through the rings of annual growthShake is a lengthwise separation of wood, usually occurs between or through the rings of annual growth
90
What causes a check?What causes a shake?
Uneven shrinkage from seasoningStanding trees when there is a large amount of movement caused by wind
91
What is “sound” or “live knot”?What is “dead knot”?
A knot bonded to wood, because it formed from a live branchForms after a branch dies, happens often after lower branches have been deprived of light by dense foilage above them
92
What are 5 decaying rot names?
Heart rotPocket rotBrown rotWhite rotDry rot
93
2 fungus varieties that attack wood parts?2 basic types of damage fungi?
“Fruiting bodies”“Mycelium”-sap stain fungus-rot fungus
94
Describe sap-stain fungus?Colour?Effects on structural?What species is sensitive?
Causes wood to turn blue, but has no effect on the structural strengthPine is sensitive
95
Describe brown rot?Colour?Effects on structural?
Reduces the wood to brittle, brownish material.It attacks the cellulose material that makes up the walls of wood cells
96
Describe white rot?Colour?Effects on structural?
Also called “white speck”, which is an initial stage of white rot. Infection shows itself as a soft, pulpy mass of whitish material.Like most forms of brown rot, white rot develops before a tree is felled and does not persist after drying.Must be removed from finished lumber by sawing out infected portions
97
Describe dry rot?When does it occur?3 conditions for dry rot to thrive in?
Dry rot often turns up after wood is put into service and is expensive to remove.Lack of ventilationHigh moisture contentHeat (warmth above 15c)
98
How can you prevent dry rot?
Framing lumber has been dried to a moisture content of 20% or lessWood placed in services is adequately ventilatedProtect wood from moisture sourcesTreat wood to prevent fungus attack when located in high moisture locations
99
Describe carpenter ants?
Nests inside wood, under insulation, or other cavities.Does not eat wood but rather ejects saw dust when it hallows out an area for its nest
100
What are signs of a colony living inside a building?
Sighting of worker ants, 6-12mm in sizePiles of saw dustRustling sounds in walls, floor, ceilingSighting of ants inside the house in winter or spring when it’s too coldAnt trails to and from the house
101
What is western subterranean termite?
Feeds on wood and consequently can be very destructive to wooden structuresMost of their damage is confined to wood basements and at ground level10mm long, black bodies long pale wings
102
How do you control carpenter ants?How do you control western subterranean termite?
Qualified pest control manager can provide effective control of the antsPest control professionals are needed to control the termite. Control requires blocking the termites access to its food source by physical and chemical means
103
What is ‘skip’?What is ‘hit and miss’?What is ‘machine burn’?
An area that has not been surfaced cleanlyA series of skips, with the surfaced areas in between Darkening of the wood is due to machine knives or rollers becoming overheated
104
What is machine bite?What is machine gouge?
Depressed cut by the machine knives at the end of a pieceGroove cut by the machine below the desired line
105
1) what is the minimum sill plate allowed by bc building code?
38x89mm (2x4), 2x6 is used often instead
106
2) After the sill plate is anchored to the foundation, what transfers through it?
Live and dead loads of the floor, wall, and roof to the concrete
107
3) in addition to transferring the wood frame building weight to the foundation, what are other functions of a sill plate?
Anchors the building to the foundation for wind and siesmic loads.Also used to provide lateral support for the foundation walls.
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4) What kind of buildings can experience great stresses due to heavy wind loads?
Tall narrow buildings, making building anchorage very important.
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5) what is the minimum depth anchor bolts go into the concrete?
100mm (4”) should have as much side concrete coverage as feasible
110
6) Whats the diameter for longer bolts?Diameter for shorter bolts?(Anchor bolts)
Long bolts 1”Shorter usually 1/2” or 5/8”Lengths come in various sizes, short as 6” up to several feet long
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7) foundation walls are often stepped when contructed on sloping sites, what does the stepped foundation require in terms of framing?
Pony walls to support the floor joists where the top of the foundation wall is shorter
112
8) what is another term for concrete column?What shape is concrete column usually?
PiersConcrete columns are usually round
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9) whats the minimum nominal size of wood columns?
6x6, they cannot be smaller in actual dimension than the width of the beam they are supporting
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10) what is minimum diameter for steel column?
Minimum diameter of 3”
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11) Whats the minimum diameter for wood column in a carport?
Carports may be reduced to 4x4 nominal dimension
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12) whats the minimum diameter for a round wooden column?
Must not be smaller than 7-1/4” diameter
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13) What can wood columns be made from?
Solid lumber or built up from 2x6Built up are more common than solid lumber, solid lumber columns are expensive and tend to twist and check as they dry
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14) what type of lumber columns do engineers prefer?
PSL or Glue-laminatedOften specified in engineered buildingsPrefer these cause their strucural properties can be more carefully controlled
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What gives a built up column an advantage over solid 6x6?
Column must fully support the beam, so a 5ply 2x10 would need a 5ply 2x6 column 5ply 7-1/2”
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Advantage steel column has over wood column?
Can be used to correct settlement and shrinkage of framing members
121
How is the steel column secured to the beam and basement slab?
Lag screws into the beam, base of the column is often secured by casting into the basement slab
122
What are 5 beams for framing?
-solid wood-built up-glue laminated-steel-engineered
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Why is solid wood beams used, compared to other beams?
Aesthetic design purposes such as timber frame.Sizing of solid wood beams must be done using engineering tables
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How are built up beams determined?
By consulting the BC Building Code, eliminates the need for expensive engineeringNormally nail-laminated together or bolted
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Where are glue laminated beams built?
Must be manufactured in approved plants. They cannot be built on-site.
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What are standard thicknesses for glue-laminated?What are the depth of these beams?
80mm and 130mm thickness228mm to 456mm depthThese beams allow for large spans and are able to carry heavy loads.
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Which steel flange beams are used for wood frame construction?
Wide flange. Standard flange is narrow and sloped, making attaching wood joists difficult
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What is the depth and weight of a W150 x 22 steel beam?
Depth is 150mmWeight is 22 kg per lineal metre
129
What do the depths of steel beams vary from?
150mm to 310mm (W150-W310)
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What two beams can be designed by carpenters using the design table in the BC Building Code book?
Glue-laminated and steel beams
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What are 3 common engineered beams?
Laminated veneer lumber (LVL)Parallel strand lumber (PSL)Girder truss beams
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What advantages does engineered beams have compared to built-up and solid lumber beams?
Allows longer spans
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Who would design a laminated veneer lumber beam?
Professional engineer, bc code book doesnt have design tables for lvl beams
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Difference between psl and lvl?
Similar to each other but psl uses strands of veneer and lvl uses sheets of veneer
135
What are thicknesses of psl?Widths?
4” and 6”9-1/4” to 16”
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Can you build up psl beams like lvl’s?(Using side by side)
No as they are thicker already, heavy that cranes usually handle psl beams
137
Where would you use a girder truss beam?
Roof structures, also be used as beams in walls
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What factors into size and shape of girder truss beam?Who designs these trusses?
Limited by the creativity and budget of the designerRegistered engineer designs
139
What must you keep in mind while constructing floor joists?
Minimize deflection and excessive vibration
140
What are the dimensions of lumber you can use for floor joists?
2x4 to 2x12Span tables have 2x4, but theyre only used for very short spans.
141
How closely must you follow the direction of engineered joists and beams as indicated on drawings?
Very closely, a missing stiffener or simply installing a joist upside down can cause a structural failure
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i-joists have a cord and a web, what is the cord made from, and whats is the web made from?
Cord is LVL, PSL, S4S lumberWeb is plywood or OSB
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Can you use different brands or interchange i-joists?
No, each manufacturer uses a patented system and specifcations
144
Are i-joist spans in the code book?
No, the span is dependent upon its depth, chord width, and spacing
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What is open web joists made from?(Chord and web)How do these joist hang on the wall?
Wooden cords and wooden webs orWooden cords and steel webs“Top hung” top cord is sitting on the plate, bottom cord hangs
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Plywood vs OSB Which is stronger in shear strength?
Osb is stronger than plywood in shear. Shear values, through its thickness, are about 2 times greater than plywood.
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Plywood vs OSBWhich is stiffer?Which is lighter?
Plywood is 10% stiffer and 15% lighter
148
Plywood vs OSBTongue and groove, what are thier widths?Not thickness, not length
OSB covers 48”, plywood covers 47-1/2”
149
Plywood vs OSBWhich is more economical?
OSB, also more “greener” in the way its produced
150
Plywood vs OSBBoth are subject to swelling, which is got it worse?
OSB, not as resistant to swelling. Plywood will swell too, but probably return to its original size
151
What factors into floor stiffness?When using underlay, second layer of sheathing. What offset for joists be? (Minimum)
Thickness of plywood influences it8” (200mm)
152
What is the maximum clear span between rows of twist restraint for joists?(Bridging, blocking)
7’
153
When using strapping method of twist restraint, what helps act as strapping?
Gypsum board will help, but bridging is still the best method
154
When cutting bridging pieces to length, how much should you account for at the bottom of the joist?
1/4” less than full length to avoid the bridging being longer and interfering with the drywall or sheathing
155
What is it mimimum distance a foundation wall be above finish grade?Siding that is affected by moisture, what is that minimum distance?
150mm for foundation wall200mm for siding
156
How much lower must porches and decks be from interior floors?
Minimum 150mm lower, prevent snow damming outside a building and water going into the building
157
When pony walls are used in between foundation and joists, is the foundation wall supported laterally?
No, unsupported. In that case, maximum allowable backfill is considerably less than for a supported wall
158
Nailing floor joists and box joist to the sill plate, what is the maximum span?For seismic regions, what is that max span?
24” o.c.6” for seismic
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What factors into anchorage bc code requirements for different regions?
High wind or seismic hazards Regions that are different than the rest of bc
160
offset for load bearing walls from different floors, what is the max offset for ceiling loads?What is offset for floor loads?
3’ for ceiling2’ for floor
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Blocking under non loading bearing walls, whats the blocking o.c?
48” o.c. Unless it lands on a joist.
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What span requires a double trimmer joist?What span requires a double header joist?
Trimmer is doubled if header joist exceeds 32” in lengthHeader is doubled if it exceeds 4’ in length
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What is the plywood and osb thickness is for joist spacing:16” o.c?24” o.c?
5/8”- 16”o.c3/4”- 24”o.c
164
When using solid lumber instead of sheething, what material is used?
Shiplap
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What is the max width of lumber subflooring?
1x8 (184mm) after that, its not approved for use due to excessive shrinking
166
still using plywood/osb materialWhat is an alternative for tongue and groove for supporting the joints of plywood/osb?
Supporting the joints underneth with 38x38mm or wider blocking

Carpentry Level 1 BC 2022 (31 decks)

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