Habibi Part 2

Question 1

GnRH stands for

Answer 1

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone

Question 2

What is GnRH

Answer 2

a decapeptide(10 amino acids) hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus. It acts as a central regulator of reproduction.

Question 3

GnRH is produced by [blank] neurons in the hypothalamus.

Answer 3

neurosecretory

Question 4

GnRH is released in a [blank] manner to the [blank] pituitary gland via the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system.

Answer 4

pulsatile, anterior pituitary gland

Question 5

Why is GnRH released in a pulsatile manner

Answer 5

for proper stimulation of LH and FSH production.

Question 6

2 horomones involved int he function of GnRH

Answer 6

LH and FSH

Question 7

What does LH do

Answer 7

Supports ovulation in females and testosterone production in males.

Question 8

What does FSH do

Answer 8

Stimulates follicular development in females and spermatogenesis in males.

Question 9

GnRH is used to treat [blank] puberty to delay [blank] and hormone dependent conditions like [blank] and hormone-sensitive cancers like prostate or [blank] cancer

Answer 9

precocious, to delay early onset of puberty,
endometriosis, breast

Question 10

Across different species with GnRH, what conserved regions show functional importance (in the gene)

Answer 10

(N- and C-terminal)

Question 11

effects of opiates

[blank] inhibits pulsatile release of GnRH

Answer 11

OPIATES

Question 12

effects of opiates

estrogen stimulates [blank] which stimulates [blank] which leads to [blank] surge during ovulation

Answer 12

kiss peptiN, GnRH, LH

Question 13

negative feedback for males in reportuduction

In males, [blank] like testosterone inhibit GnRH and [blank] secretion.

Answer 13

androgens, LH/FSH

Question 14

negative feedback for females reproduction

In females, a combination of [blank and blank] suppresses [blank] during the luteal phase.

Answer 14

estrogen and progesterone, LH and FSH

Question 15

ovarian cycle is divided into two main components

Answer 15

follicular phase (12-16) and luteal phase (10-16)

Question 16

in the follicular phase, [blank] stimulates the growth of a cohort of [blank] from the resting pool

Answer 16

FSH, follicles

Question 17

still on the follicular phase, ne follicle becomes dominant and matures into the [blank]

Answer 17

Graafian follicle (20–25 mm).

Question 18

inhibin and activin are [blank] and belong to the transforming growth factor [blank] family

Answer 18

gonadal peptides, beta

Question 19

function of inhibin

Answer 19

inhibits secretion of FSH without affecting LH

Question 20

function of activin

Answer 20

activin stimulates secretion of FSH, indepndent of GnRH

Question 21

progression of follicles:

Answer 21

primary follicle → secondary follicle (theca and granulosa cells increase) → {space fills with follicular fluid and form) antrum—> preovulatory follicle (20-25mm)

Question 22

follicles undergo atresia…what is this

Answer 22

degeneration including loss of oocyte

Question 23

follicular phase includes 2 things

Answer 23

maturation of oocyte and ovulation

Question 24

After ovulation, the [blank] cells of the follicle form the [blank], which secretes [blank] to maintain uterine readiness.

Answer 24

granulosa and theca, corpus luteum, progesterone

Question 25

If no pregnancy occurs, the [blank] degenerates, leading to menstrual shedding.

Answer 25

corpus luteum

Question 27

which hormone is high at ovulation

Answer 27

LH, supports ovulation in females

Question 28

which hormone is high at the beginning of follicular phase

Answer 28

FSH , stimulates follicular development in females

Question 29

estradiol levels increase during the [follicular or luteal phase] stimulating GnRH and subsequently [blank], which triggers ovulation

Answer 29

follicular, LH/FSH

Question 30

After ovulation, which hormone dominates? and why?

Answer 30

Progesterone dominates, maintaining the uterine lining.

Question 31

If pregnancy occurs, chorionic gonadotropin maintains the [blank].

Answer 31

corpeus luteum

Question 32

life span of human corpeus luteum is how many days

Answer 32

14 days

Question 33

which hormone dominates during the corpeus lutuem phase

Answer 33

progeserone

Question 34

which hormone is highest at ovulation

Answer 34

estrogen

Question 35

if pregnancy occurs, chorionic gonadotropin secretion prolongs [ ] secretion and maintains the pregnancy

Answer 35

progesterone

Question 36

whcih is higher during ovulation, LH or FSH

Answer 36

LH

Question 37

ALL steroid hormones are derived from [ ] and only differ in the [ ] structure and [ ] chains attached

Answer 37

cholestrol, ring structure, side chains

Question 38

are all steroid hormones lipid soluble

Answer 38

yes

Question 39

what is the pathway for steroid hormones

Answer 39

Cholesterol → Pregnenolone → Progesterone/Testosterone → Estradiol.

Question 40

in the pathway for steroid hormones, what converts testosterone to estradiol

Answer 40

aromatase

Question 41

general effects of estrogen include

Answer 41

Develop female secondary sexual characteristics. Maintain reproductive organs and influence skeletal growth.

Question 42

general functions of progestogens include

Answer 42

Prepare the uterus for implantation. Prevent uterine contractions to support pregnancy.

Question 43

Testis Functions include

Answer 43

Produce spermatozoa and secrete androgens, regulate gonadotropin release, influence non reproductive components

Question 44

which hormone regulates this: Stimulates spermatogenesis and development of reproductive organs

Answer 44

androgens like dht and testosterone

Question 45

which hormones regulate this: Growth of body hair, deepening of the voice, and increased muscle mass.

Answer 45

androgens like testosterone and dht

Question 46

which hormones regulate this: increases libido and aggression.

Answer 46

androgens like testosterone and dht

Question 47

what does inhibin do

Answer 47

Suppresses FSH secretion.

Question 48

what does activin do

Answer 48

Enhances FSH release and supports follicle growth.

Question 49

what happens in menopause

Answer 49

Decline in ovarian hormone production (estrogen and progesterone).