Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

YEAR 5: Haematology PM (COPY) > Haem: Interactive Cases > Flashcards

Haem: Interactive Cases Flashcards

(44 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

% Myeloblast that is abnormal

% Lymphoblasts abnormal

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How to interpret FBC

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

B cell markers

A

CD19 - epitope for car t cells

CD20 - epitope for rituximab

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

T cell markers

A

All are CD3+

CD4 - Helper

CD8 - Cytotoxic

CD5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Markers of lympod differentiation

A

TdT marker of immature T an B lymphoblasts

Surface IgG is a marker of mature cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

List some general clinical signs of anaemia.

A
  • Pale mucous membranes
  • Tachycardia
  • Cardiomegaly/CCF
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

List some specific clinical signs of anaemia.

A
  • Koilonychia
  • Glossitis (B12 deficiency - B12 is needed for epithelial cell replacement)
  • Jaundice (haemolysis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

List some causes of microcytic anaemia.

A
  • Iron deficiency
  • Thalassemia
  • Anaemia of chronic disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

List some investigationsthat are used for anaemia.

A
  • FBC
  • Blood film
  • Reticulocyte count
  • Haemoglobin electrophoresis
  • Iron studies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

List some physiological triggers for reticulocytosis.

A
  • Haemolysis
  • Haemorrhage
  • Haematinics (agents that stimulate RBC production)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

List some conditions in which reticulocytes are absent.

A
  • Inadequate haematinics
  • Bone marrow failure
  • Acute major haemorrhage (reticulocyte response takes at least 6 hours)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the typical haemoglobin electrophoresis findings of thalassemia?

A
  • High HbA2 and HbF
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

List some blood film features of iron deficiency anaemia.

A
  • Pencil cells
  • Anisocytosis
  • Poikilocytosis
  • Hypochromic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

List some causes of pancytopaenia.

A
  • Aplastic anaemia
  • Leukaemia
  • Infiltration (e.g. lymphoma, carcinoma)
  • Drugs (e.g. chemotherapy)
  • B12/folate deficiency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

List some investigations for pancytopaenia.

A
  • Blood film
  • Vitamin B12 and folate
  • Bone marrow biopsy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a defining feature of myeloid cells?

A
  • Auer rods
  • NOTE: the presence of Auer rods means that cytochemistry and immunophenotyping is not necessary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which type of major infection is classically seen in AML?

A

Gram-negative septicaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the principles of management of AML?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Supportive - red cell and platelet transfusions, isolation
  • Chemotherapy
19
Q

Normal vs Myeloma pathology

20
Q

List some causes of thrombocytopaenia.

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Defect in platelet production - drugs, bone marrow disorders (e.g. leukaemia, myelodysplasia)
  • Increased platelet destruction - ITP, DIC, heparin-induced thrombocytopaenia
21
Q

List some investigations for thrombocytopaenia.

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Coagulation screen
  • Blood film
  • Bone marrow aspirate
  • ANA/RAPA/anti-platelet antibodies (check for rheumatoid arthritis, SLE)
  • HIV (common cause of isolated platelet destruction worldwide)
22
Q

List some causes of low platelets with abnormal clotting.

Study These Flashcards
A
  • DIC
  • Alcohol
  • Drugs
  • Leukaemia
23
Q

List some investigations for suspected DIC.

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Blood film
  • D-dimer
  • Fibrinogen
  • Septic screen
  • LFTs
24
Q

How is DIC managed?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Antibiotics
  • Blood products
  • Regular blood tests to assess response
25
How you get spherocytes
1. Hereditary 2. Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
26
Causes of aquired haemolytic anaemia
**Non-immune** Microangiopathic haemolytic ureamic syndrome (MAHA) Malaria Prostetic heart valves Drugs: Dapsone **Immune Mediated** Autoimmune: warm/cold antibody type Alloimmune (post blood transfusion) Drug: methyldopa, penicillin
27
Causes of inherited haemolytic anaemia
Defect in: **Hb** Sickle cell Thalassaemia **Membrane** Hereditary spherocytosis **RBC Enzymes** G6PD deficiency - would protect from oxidative stress
28
Causes of inherited haemolytic anaemia
Defect in: **Hb** Sickle cell Thalassaemia **Membrane** Hereditary spherocytosis **RBC Enzymes** G6PD deficiency - would protect from oxidative stress
29
Biochemistry in Fe deficiency
Ferritin - needs to be low (high doesnt rule out) Transferrin = High
30
Haematological picture of Pernicious anaemia
Pernicious anaemia = b12 defieicny B12 required for DNA synthesis 1st - RBC 2nd - WBC, Platelets = Pancytopenia
31
Leukoerythroblastic blood film Amongst RBC - teardrop cells + premature RBC (top Left) Myelocyte - premature - Top Right
32
Causes of Pancytopenia
33
Leukaemia - High WCC Many myelocyte precursors??? Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML)
34
Clinical picture of CML + Blood film
As a result of BCR-ABL fusion between 9 and 22 Detected on RT-PCR
35
At diagnosis how do you treat CML
**Imatinib** inhibitor of tyrosine kinase associated with BCR-ABL v high respionse rate in the chronic phase
36
Month 60 after CML, developing blasts
Blast crisis (acquisition of new mutations)
37
Jak2V61F mutation Polycythemia Vera
38
Immunophenotyping - **CLL** CD19 and CD5 - Both positive Leukocytosis with all lymphocytes Not pan = chronic Peripheral blood - mature lymphocytes + **smear/smudge cells**
39
Gravest cytogenic rognosis
p53 (Chromosome 17 deletion)
40
Management of CLL based on “Brutons agammaglobinaemia”
**Ibrutinib** - “nib” = tyrosine kinase inhibitors inhibitors brutons tyrosine kinase recreating phenoytpe of inherited Brutons X linked agammaglobinaemia???
41
Multiple Myeloma 1 immunoglobulin raised, others are reduced = **immune paresis**
42
**No** Myeloma cannot be excluded Havent excluded **light chain only myeloma** - Need to **check serum free light chains** or urine for bence jones proteins
43
**Cast nephropathy** NOT AL Amyloid Cast nephropathy is statistically the most common cause of renal failure in myeloma **Super high SFLC Kappa** - light chains pass through basement membrane and prescipitate in renal tubules AL amyloid - would see congo red / apple green bifringent depositions in kidney biopsy or small bowel or heart
44
Bleeding from wound and venepuncture sites withou stopping which blood product to use? PT and APTT is normal Fibrinogen low
Cryoprecipitate (has higher fibrinogen than FFP) Higher APTT etc - give FFP

YEAR 5: Haematology PM (COPY) (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions