Haematology

Question 1

What are the key blood test findings for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)?

Answer 1

↑ WBCs with blasts, anemia, thrombocytopenia

Uncontrolled proliferation of lymphoid progenitors, marrow failure.

Question 2

What are the key blood test findings for Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)?

Answer 2

↑ WBCs with myeloblasts, anemia, thrombocytopenia, Auer rods

Myeloid precursor proliferation replaces normal hematopoiesis.

Question 3

What are the key blood test findings for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)?

Answer 3

Lymphocytosis, smudge cells, anemia, thrombocytopenia

Clonal B-cell proliferation leads to high lymphocyte count.

Question 4

What are the key blood test findings for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)?

Answer 4

Leukocytosis (↑ granulocytes), basophilia, Philadelphia chromosome

BCR-ABL fusion gene causes uncontrolled granulocyte proliferation.

Question 5

What are the key blood test findings for Essential Thrombocythemia (ET)?

Answer 5

↑ Platelets (>450,000/µL), abnormal platelet morphology

JAK2 mutation drives excess platelet production.

Question 6

What are the key blood test findings for Polycythemia Vera (PV)?

Answer 6

↑ RBC mass, ↑ hematocrit, ↓ erythropoietin

JAK2 mutation leads to unregulated RBC production.

Question 7

What are the key blood test findings for Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF)?

Answer 7

Leukoerythroblastic picture, tear-drop RBCs, anemia

Marrow fibrosis displaces normal hematopoiesis to extramedullary sites.

Question 8

What are the key blood test findings for Multiple Myeloma?

Answer 8

↑ Plasma cells, anemia, rouleaux formation, ↑ total protein

Clonal plasma cell proliferation, increased monoclonal immunoglobulins.

Question 9

What are the key blood test findings for Waldenström’s Macroglobulinemia?

Answer 9

↑ IgM, rouleaux, anemia, cryoglobulinemia

Excess IgM leads to blood hyperviscosity and anemia.

Question 10

What are the key blood test findings for Iron Deficiency Anemia?

Answer 10

↓ Hb, ↓ MCV, ↓ ferritin, ↑ TIBC

↓ Iron → ↓ hemoglobin synthesis.

Question 11

What are the key blood test findings for Megaloblastic Anemia (B12/Folate Def.)?

Answer 11

↑ MCV, hypersegmented neutrophils, ↓ B12 or folate

Impaired DNA synthesis leads to large, immature RBCs.

Question 12

What are the key blood test findings for Hemolytic Anemia?

Answer 12

↑ Reticulocytes, ↓ haptoglobin, ↑ LDH, ↑ indirect bilirubin

RBC destruction exceeds bone marrow compensation.

Question 13

What are the key blood test findings for Aplastic Anemia?

Answer 13

Pancytopenia, hypocellular marrow

Bone marrow failure due to immune attack or toxins.

Question 14

What are the key blood test findings for Thalassemia (Alpha/Beta)?

Answer 14

↓ MCV, microcytosis, target cells, abnormal Hb electrophoresis

Defective globin synthesis leads to microcytic, hypochromic RBCs.

Question 15

What are the key blood test findings for Sickle Cell Disease?

Answer 15

Sickle cells, Howell-Jolly bodies, HbS on electrophoresis

HbS polymerizes, causing RBC sickling and hemolysis.

Question 16

What are the key blood test findings for Hereditary Spherocytosis?

Answer 16

Spherocytes, ↑ MCHC, positive osmotic fragility test

RBC membrane defect leads to hemolysis.

Question 17

What are the key blood test findings for G6PD Deficiency?

Answer 17

Bite cells, Heinz bodies, episodic hemolysis

Oxidative stress causes RBC damage and hemolysis.

Question 18

What are the key blood test findings for Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)?

Answer 18

Isolated thrombocytopenia, normal PT/APTT

Autoantibodies destroy platelets.

Question 19

What are the key blood test findings for Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)?

Answer 19

↓ Platelets, schistocytes, ↑ LDH, normal coagulation tests

ADAMTS13 deficiency → excess vWF → microthrombi and platelet consumption.

Question 20

What are the key blood test findings for Hemophilia A/B?

Answer 20

↑ APTT, normal PT, ↓ Factor VIII (A) or IX (B)

Congenital factor deficiency impairs clotting.

Question 21

What are the key blood test findings for Von Willebrand Disease?

Answer 21

↑ APTT, normal PT, ↓ vWF antigen/activity

vWF deficiency impairs platelet adhesion and factor VIII stability.

Question 22

What are the key blood test findings for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?

Answer 22

↓ Platelets, ↑ PT/APTT, ↑ D-dimer, ↓ fibrinogen

Widespread coagulation leads to clotting factor depletion.

Question 23

What are the key blood test findings for Factor V Leiden Thrombophilia?

Answer 23

Activated protein C resistance test positive

Mutant Factor V resists degradation, increasing clot risk.

Question 24

What are the key blood test findings for Antiphospholipid Syndrome?

Answer 24

Lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin, β2-glycoprotein antibodies

Autoantibodies promote thrombosis and clotting dysfunction.