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Paeds Exam Cram > Haematology > Flashcards

Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

Polychromasia

A

Reticulocytes (blue cells)

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2
Q

Normoblast

A

Immature/nucleated RBC (precursor to reticulocyte)

High number is abnormal after first week of life

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3
Q

Poikilocytosis

A

Abnormal shaped RBC

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4
Q

Eliptocyte

A

severe iron deficiency, thalassaemia, hereditary eliptocytosis

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5
Q

Sphereocyte

A

Very round, uniform
Hereditary spherocytosis - splenomegaly. Diagnosed with osmotic fragility test, neg DCT
Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia - pos DCT, ABO incompatibility

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6
Q

Bite cell

A

G6PD deficiency

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7
Q

Blister cell

A

G6PD deficiency

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8
Q

Target cell

A

Thalassaemia, post splenectomy

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9
Q

Sickle cell

A

Sickle cell anaemia, Hb SS disease

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10
Q

Burr cell

A

Looks like stars
HUS
DIC

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11
Q

Anisocytosis

A

Unequal sized RBC

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12
Q

Microcytic

A

Small

Iron deficiency, thalassaemia, sideroblastic anaemia

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13
Q

Macrocytic

A

Big

B12/Folate deficiency

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14
Q

Schistocyte

A

Fragmented “helmet” RBC
Microangiopathic disease - DIC, TTP, HUS
Haemolytic anaemia, mechanical valve

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15
Q

Basophilic stippling

A

Blue dots on outer part of cell
Lead poisoning
Thalassaemia, myelodysplasia, B12 deficiency

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16
Q

Auer Rod

A

Small rod inside cell

AML

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17
Q

Heinz body

A

Small Hb inclusion on the edge of the cell

G6PD deficiency, oxidant drugs

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18
Q

Howell Jolly Body

A

DNA inclusion inside the cell
Asplenism e.g. sickle cell Dx - functional asplenia
Severe haemolytic anaemia

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19
Q

Haemoglobin J inclusion

A

Small inclusions throughout whole cell

Haemoglobin H disease

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20
Q

Reed Sternberg cell

A

Bilobed or multinucleate cells, owl eyes

Hodgkins lymphoma

21
Q

Birbeck granule

A

Tennis racket cell - like Boris Becker

Langerhan cell histiocytosis

22
Q

Red cell agglutinate

A

Red cells all clumped together

Cold autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, paroxysmal cold haemolytic anaemia, IgM associated lymphoma, multiple myeloma

23
Q

Roulex

A

Red cells in a line

Lymphoma,. myeloma, chronic liver disease, chronic inflammatory disease

24
Q

Hypersigmented neutrophils

A

B12/folate deficiency

25
Q

Extrinsic pathway

A

Tissue injury - PT, INR, warfarin
Factor 7
WEPT7

26
Q

Intrinsic pathway

A

APTT (heparin)

Factors 8, 9, 11, 12

27
Q

Common pathway

A

Fibrinogen
Factors 1, 2, 5, 10
2 (prothrombin) –> 2a (thrombin) –> 1 (fibrinogen)

28
Q

Other clotting cascade facts

A

Fibrin clot - factor 13a (fibrin)
Antithrombin activates - 2, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12
Vitamin K - TV channels - 2, 7, 9, 10, Protein C & S
vWF - carries factor 8

29
Q

Indirect Antiglobulin Test

A

Detects antibodies AGAINST RBC in serum e.g. in pregnant women

30
Q

Direct Antiglobulin Test

A

Detect antibodies COATING RBC in serum e.g. autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, haemolytic disease of the newborn, drug induced

31
Q

Osmotic fragility test

A

Hereditary spherocytosis

32
Q

Chromosomal fragility test

A

Fanconi anaemia

33
Q

Bone marrow trephine

A

aplastic anaemia

34
Q

Bone marrow aspirate

A

leukaemias

35
Q

PT

A

Extrinsic pathway

Factor 7

36
Q

APTT

A

Common and intrinsic pathway

All factors NOT 7, 13

37
Q

Mixing studies (APTT)

A

Corrects on mixing: haemophilia/factor deficiency

Doesn’t correct on mixing: LSE/inhibitor present

38
Q

Ristocetin factor

A

Low in vWB, normal in haemophilia

39
Q

Haemoglobin alpha

A

From 6/40 remains steady

40
Q

Haemoglobin beta

A

Small levels in foetus, rises 36/40, max by 12w

41
Q

Haemoglobin delta

A

From birth, rises slowly, stays low

42
Q

Haemoglobin gamma

A

High in foetus, drops 36/40, very low by 12 weeks

43
Q

HbF

A

Foetal Hb = 2A 2G chains

HbF high in foetus

44
Q

HbA

A

Adult Hb = 2A 2B chains
HbA high in adulthood
Birth 15-20% HbA, no HbA - major haemoglobinopathy

45
Q

Hb A2

A

2A 2D chains

46
Q

HbH

A

4B

47
Q

Bart’s

A

4G

48
Q

HbS

A

2A 2Bs

Paeds Exam Cram (19 decks)

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