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Paeds Exam Cram > Haematology > Flashcards

Haematology Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Polychromasia

A

Reticulocytes (blue cells)

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2
Q

Normoblast

A

Immature/nucleated RBC (precursor to reticulocyte)

High number is abnormal after first week of life

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3
Q

Poikilocytosis

A

Abnormal shaped RBC

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4
Q

Eliptocyte

A

severe iron deficiency, thalassaemia, hereditary eliptocytosis

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5
Q

Sphereocyte

A

Very round, uniform
Hereditary spherocytosis - splenomegaly. Diagnosed with osmotic fragility test, neg DCT
Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia - pos DCT, ABO incompatibility

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6
Q

Bite cell

A

G6PD deficiency

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7
Q

Blister cell

A

G6PD deficiency

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8
Q

Target cell

A

Thalassaemia, post splenectomy

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9
Q

Sickle cell

A

Sickle cell anaemia, Hb SS disease

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10
Q

Burr cell

A

Looks like stars
HUS
DIC

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11
Q

Anisocytosis

A

Unequal sized RBC

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12
Q

Microcytic

A

Small

Iron deficiency, thalassaemia, sideroblastic anaemia

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13
Q

Macrocytic

A

Big

B12/Folate deficiency

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14
Q

Schistocyte

A

Fragmented “helmet” RBC
Microangiopathic disease - DIC, TTP, HUS
Haemolytic anaemia, mechanical valve

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15
Q

Basophilic stippling

A

Blue dots on outer part of cell
Lead poisoning
Thalassaemia, myelodysplasia, B12 deficiency

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16
Q

Auer Rod

A

Small rod inside cell

AML

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17
Q

Heinz body

A

Small Hb inclusion on the edge of the cell

G6PD deficiency, oxidant drugs

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18
Q

Howell Jolly Body

A

DNA inclusion inside the cell
Asplenism e.g. sickle cell Dx - functional asplenia
Severe haemolytic anaemia

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19
Q

Haemoglobin J inclusion

A

Small inclusions throughout whole cell

Haemoglobin H disease

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20
Q

Reed Sternberg cell

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A

Bilobed or multinucleate cells, owl eyes

Hodgkins lymphoma

21
Q

Birbeck granule

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A

Tennis racket cell - like Boris Becker

Langerhan cell histiocytosis

22
Q

Red cell agglutinate

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A

Red cells all clumped together

Cold autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, paroxysmal cold haemolytic anaemia, IgM associated lymphoma, multiple myeloma

23
Q

Roulex

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A

Red cells in a line

Lymphoma,. myeloma, chronic liver disease, chronic inflammatory disease

24
Q

Hypersigmented neutrophils

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A

B12/folate deficiency

25
Extrinsic pathway
Tissue injury - PT, INR, warfarin Factor 7 WEPT7
26
Intrinsic pathway
APTT (heparin) | Factors 8, 9, 11, 12
27
Common pathway
Fibrinogen Factors 1, 2, 5, 10 2 (prothrombin) --> 2a (thrombin) --> 1 (fibrinogen)
28
Other clotting cascade facts
Fibrin clot - factor 13a (fibrin) Antithrombin activates - 2, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12 Vitamin K - TV channels - 2, 7, 9, 10, Protein C & S vWF - carries factor 8
29
Indirect Antiglobulin Test
Detects antibodies AGAINST RBC in serum e.g. in pregnant women
30
Direct Antiglobulin Test
Detect antibodies COATING RBC in serum e.g. autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, haemolytic disease of the newborn, drug induced
31
Osmotic fragility test
Hereditary spherocytosis
32
Chromosomal fragility test
Fanconi anaemia
33
Bone marrow trephine
aplastic anaemia
34
Bone marrow aspirate
leukaemias
35
PT
Extrinsic pathway | Factor 7
36
APTT
Common and intrinsic pathway | All factors NOT 7, 13
37
Mixing studies (APTT)
Corrects on mixing: haemophilia/factor deficiency | Doesn't correct on mixing: LSE/inhibitor present
38
Ristocetin factor
Low in vWB, normal in haemophilia
39
Haemoglobin alpha
From 6/40 remains steady
40
Haemoglobin beta
Small levels in foetus, rises 36/40, max by 12w
41
Haemoglobin delta
From birth, rises slowly, stays low
42
Haemoglobin gamma
High in foetus, drops 36/40, very low by 12 weeks
43
HbF
Foetal Hb = 2A 2G chains | HbF high in foetus
44
HbA
Adult Hb = 2A 2B chains HbA high in adulthood Birth 15-20% HbA, no HbA - major haemoglobinopathy
45
Hb A2
2A 2D chains
46
HbH
4B
47
Bart's
4G
48
HbS
2A 2Bs

Paeds Exam Cram (19 decks)

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