Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Finals > Haematology > Flashcards

Haematology Flashcards

(57 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what are the features of anaemia?

A

fatigue, fainting, breathless, angina, intermittant claudication, pale skin and mucous membraines, tachycardic, cardiac failure, systolic flow murmer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name some causes of MCV low anaemia

A

iron deficiency, chronic disease, thallasaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

name some causes of MCV normal anaemia

A

acute blood loss, chronic disease, iron and folate deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

name some causes of MCV high anaemia

A

B12/folate deficiency, alcohol, liver disease, hypothyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

causes of iron deficiency

A

blood loss, increased demand (growth/pregnancy), reduced absorption (coeliac/bowel dis), reduced intake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what Ix do you do for anaemia?

A 
blood count and film
serum ferritin
serum iron and TIBC
serum transferrin
BM exam
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how do you manage iron deficiency anaemia?

A

ferrous sulphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

causes of B12 deficiency?

A

vegans, pernicious anaemia, gastrectomy, crohns disease, coeliac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how is B12 absorbed?

A

binds to intrinsic factor which is released by gastric parietal cells and then absorbed in the ileum and stored in the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is pernicious anaemia?

A

autoimmune condition with atrophic gastritis with loss of parietal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

where do we find folate in our diet?

A

green vegetables, liver and kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

name some causes of folate deficiency

A

damage to upper intestine (where it is absorbed) - crohns/coeliac
age, poverty, alcohol, pregnancy, lactation, methotrexate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is aplastic anaemia?

A

BM failure, pancytopenia (deficiency of all cell elements of the blood and BM aplasia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is haemolytic anaemia?

A

destruction of RBCs with reduced circulating lifespan of 120 days. compensatory increase in BM activity with release of immature red cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

causes of haemolytic anaemia?

A

hereditary spherocytosis/elliptocytosis, thalassaemia, sickle cell, G6PD deficiency, autoantibodies, malaria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how can you manage haemolytic anaemia?

A

splenectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are A and B thallasaemia?

A 
A = reduced A chain synthesis
B = reduced B chain synthesis

Disorder in the gene for the chain = reduced rate of production of one or more globin chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

name some features of thallasaemia?

A

MINOR - genetic carrier state
INTERMEDIA - moderate anaemia, splenomegaly, bone deformities, leg ulcers, gallstones
MAJOR - severe anaemia, failure to thrive, recurrent infections, enlarged maxilla, hepatosplenomegaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How do you manage thalassaemia? what needs to be given in addition to this Mx?

A

blood transfusions

give iron chelating agents too (desferrioxamine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is sickle cell?

A

autosomal recessive condition. HbS is a different shape when deoxygenated –> becomes insoluble and polymerises which increases rigidity of cells/sickle appearance/premature destruction and obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what precipitates a sickle crisis?

A

hypoxia, dehydration, infection, cold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Features of sickle cell?

A

child is normal until until 6 months old (due to HbF)
OCCLUSION - acute hand and feet pain, avascular necrosis of the BM, bone pain in the long bones

ANAEMIA - enlarged spleen, BM aplasia, increased haemolysis with drugs/infection

LONG TERM - deformed long bones, splenic atrophy, retinal ischaemia, cerebral infarction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how do you Mx sickle cell?

Study These Flashcards
A

avoid precipitating factors, folic acid supplements

24
Q

How do you Mx a sickle cell crisis?

Study These Flashcards
A

paracetamol/NSAIDS

25
complications of sickle cell?
pain, swollen and painful joints, acute sickle chest, CNS deficit, pigment gallstones
26
what is autoimmune haemolytic anaemia and how do we diagnose it?
immune destruction of RBCs - we diagnose it with the COOMB's TEST - tests for antibodies/complement on the surface of RBCs
27
how do we manage autoimmune haemolytic anaemia?
prednisolone, splenectomy
28
what causes polycythaemia?
increased EPO production produced by kidneys when they have signs of hypoxia
29
what is the difference between primary and secondary polycythaemia?
primary - mutation on polycythaemia gene (JAK2) | secondary - due to smoking/hypoxia
30
how do you investigate polycythaemia and what do the results show?
blood count (raised RBCs/raised PCV/Raised Hb)
31
what are the symptoms of polycythaemia?
headache, dizzy, tinnitus, visual changes, angina, intermittant claudication, DVT
32
how do you manage polycythaemia?
stop smoking/hypoxia (give O2) | venesection, low dose aspirin
33
what is thrombocytopenia?
low levels of platelets
34
what are some causes of impaired production of platelets (BM)
BM failure, megaloblastic anaemia, leukaemia, myelofibrosis, HIV infection
35
name some causes of excessive platelet destruction?
autoimmune - ITP SLE post transfusion DIC
36
what is the main cause of ITP in children?
post viral
37
what do you find in the bloods?
platelet autoantibodies
38
management of ITP?
corticosteroids, IVIG, splenectomy
39
features of ITP?
routine bloods petichae, purpura bleeding (e.g. epistaxis) catastrophic bleeding (e.g. intracranial) is not a common presentation
40
what is TTP?
widespread adhesion and aggregation of platelets - microvascular thrombosis and profound thrombocytopenia
41
causes of TTP?
pregnancy, SLE, infection, cancer
42
features of TTP?
purpura, fever, fluctuating cerebral dysfunction, haemolytic anaemia
43
management of TTP?
plasma exchange
44
what is Haemophilia A?
deficiency in factor 8, X linked recessive disease
45
features of haemophilia A?
depends on how low the plasma factor 8 levels are SEVERE - spontaneous muscle/joint bleeds (arthropathy) MOD - severe bleeding following injury MILD - bleeding with trauma/surgery
46
Ix for haemophilia A and the results?
prolonged APTT, reduced factor 8 plasma levels
47
Mx of Haemophilia A?
IV factor 8 recombinant as prophylaxis pre surgery hep A/B vaccinations avoid contact sport
48
how are the haemophilias inherited?
x linked recessive
49
what is haemophilia B?
deficiency in factor 9
50
what is von Willebrand disease?
vWF deficiency leading to defective platelet function and factor 8 deficiency
51
features of vonWB disease?
mucosal bleeding - GI/nose bleeds | prolonged bleeding after dental work
52
what is shown on investigation of vWB disease?
prolonged bleeding time - due to defective platelet adhesion
53
Mx for vWB disease?
factor 8 concentrate
54
which clotting factors is vitamin K required for production of?
2, 7, 9, 10
55
what is DIC?
widespread fibrin generation within blood vessels caused by coagulation pathway initiation. - consumption of platelets and coagulation factors - secondary activation of fibrinoysis
56
name some causes of DIC?
sepsis, major trauma, tissue destruction, malignancy
57
Features of DIC?
complete haemostatic failure, thrombotic events

Finals (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions