Haematology Flashcards
(188 cards)
1
Q
Plasma is closest in composition to…
A
interstitial fluid
2
Q
The percent fraction of formed elements relative to whole blood is called…
A
haematocrit
3
Q
What are the 6 functions of blood?
A
Blood Provides the Body’s Cells with Oxygen and Removes Carbon Dioxide. …
Blood Transports Nutrients and Hormones. …
Blood Regulates Body Temperature. …
Platelets Clot Blood at Sites of Injury. …
Blood Brings Waste Products to the Kidneys and Liver.
Defence against pathogens
4
Q
What is the normal pH of blood?
A
7.35-7.45
5
Q
How much of blood is plasma?
A
55%
6
Q
Is blood more viscous than water?
A
Yes
7
Q
What are the cells in blood called?
A
The formed elements
8
Q
Formed elements make up what percentage of blood?
A
45%
plasma makes 55%
9
Q
The combination of plasma and formed elements is called…
A
whole blood
10
Q
From where in the body is whole blood collected for testing?
A
A superficial vein
11
Q
To check the efficiency of gas exchange- from where should a blood sample be taken?
A
An artery
12
Q
What is the approx temperature of blood?
A
38 degrees c
13
Q
Which of the following is not a formed element of blood? erythrocytes leucocytes plasma platelets
A
Plasma
14
Q
Where are most plasma proteins made?
A
Liver
15
Q
What are the categories of plasma proteins?
A
Fibrinogen
Globulins
Albumin
Hormones
16
Q
Why is there a difference in the haematocrit between males and females?
A
Androgens stimulate red blood cell production and oestrogens do not.
17
Q
The formed elements of blood consists of…
A
red and white blood cells and platelets
18
Q
What would the effect on your body be if, for some reason, your liver was damaged and stopped making albumins?
A
Tissue swelling
Album is a protein made by the liver that keeps fluid from leaking out of blood vessels
19
Q
What does albumin do?
A
A protein made by the liver
1) keeps fluid from leaking out of blood vessel ( hypertonic)
2) nourishes tissues
3) transports hormones, vitamins, drugs
4) transports calcium
20
Q
Proportionately what is the largest component of the plasma- other than water?
A
Proteins
21
Q
What is the least abundant type of plasma protein?
A
Hormones
22
Q
How much blood does an adult male normally have?
A
5-6 Litres
23
Q
What type of plasma protein serves as a carrier for hormones T3 and T4?
A
Albumins
24
Q
Which component makes up the biggest proportion of formed elements?
A
Erythrocytes
25
What are the major components of the cardiovascular system?
Blood, heart and blood vessels
26
Which type of protein is responsible for transporting triglycerides in the blood?
Apolipoproteins
27
What is haematocrit?
The percentage of formed elements in whole blood?
28
What portion of a person's body weight does the blood represent?
7%
29
What type of tissue is blood?
Fluid connective tissue
30
In addition to water and proteins, what else make up plasma?
Electrolytes, nutrients and organic wastes
31
How is it that liver disorders can alter the composition and the functional properties of blood?
The liver is the primary source of plasma proteins
32
Which of the plasma proteins functions in blood clotting?
Fibrinogen
33
What is serum?
Plasma with the clotting factors removed
34
The most abundant component of plasma is
Water
35
A person who has low blood volume is said to be...
hypovolemic
36
The chief difference between plasma and interstitial fluid involves the concentration of...
proteins
37
Plasma composes X % of whole blood and water composes X % of the plasma volume
55% and 92%
38
How can you work out what an invidual's blood volume should be?
Take the weight and work out 7%
39
What type of plasma protein is transferrin?
A metalloprotein ( carries metal ion)
40
Which plasma protein transports fatty acids and some hormones?
Albumin
41
Which organ secretes the most plasma proteins?
Liver
42
The most abundant plasma proteins are...
Albumin
43
Where do all the circulating red blood cells in an adult originate from?
Red bone marrow
44
Which hormones regulates red blood cell production?
Erythropoietin
45
What are some features of erythrocytes?
```
bioconcave discs
lack mitochondria ( and nuclei)
specialised for carrying oxygen
can form stacks called rouleaux
Has a diameter of 7.8 micrometres
```
46
Which plasma proteins function is to store or transport iron?
Ferritin, haemosiderin and transferrin
47
Sickle cell anaemia happens when
a gene for haemoglobin is abnormal
48
If a person stays a while at a higher altitude what changes would you expect?
a release of erythropoeitin ( triggered by a decrease in atmospheric oxygen levels)
a rise in haematocrit
an inrease in red blood cell production
49
Could surgical removal of the stomach cause anaemia?
Yes
Pernicious anaemia
Caused by a decrease in red blood cells when the body can't absorb enough vitamin B 12.
Vitamin B12 is absorbed in the intestine and needs the protein Intrinsic Factor ( IF) this is released by cells i n the stomach.
50
What are the normal haemoglobin levels for male and female adults?
MALE- 14-18g/dL
| FEMALES- 12-16g/dL
51
An obstruction in the blood flow to the kidneys would ultimately result in...
Increased erythropoiesis
Erythropoietin is formed by the kidney and liver.
EPO appears in the plasma when peripheral tissues, particularly the kidneys, are exposed to low oxygen concentrations.
52
Where is erythropoietin formed
Kidney and liver
53
What triggers erythropoietin release?
Low oxygen concentration in peripheral tissues ( particularly the kidneys)
54
When would erythropoietin concentrations increase?
anaemia
High altitude
consequence of haemorrhage
when blood flow to kidneys is disrupted
55
The average life span of an erythrocyte is...
120 days
56
What is the function of red blood cells?
Carry oxygen to the cells and then carry away carbon dioxide
57
What type of aneamia are vegans susceptible to?
Vitamin b12 deficicieny ( pernicious anaemia)
58
Where is the primary site of red blood cell production and the primary site of white blood cells formation in adults?
Red bone marrow
59
How many atoms of iron can one molecule of haemoglobin carry?
4
60
How is excess iron stored in the liver and spleen?
Ferritin and haemosiderin
61
What happens if bile ducts are blocked?
More bilirubin appears in the plasma
| leads to jaundice
62
How much of the protein in a red blood cell is haemoglobin?
95%
63
What is the function of haemoglobin?
To carry dissolved blood gases
64
What is the condition where the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is reduced?
Anaemia
65
How is pernicious anaemia caused by a lack of intrinsic factor treated?
Vitamin B 12 injection
66
What blood cells would temporarily increase after donating blood>
Reticulocytes
67
A red blood cell that contains excessive amounts of haemoglobin is called...
hyperchromic
68
Why does a bruise appear as a greenish spot in the skin?
Because the haem group in haemoglobin has brown down into biliverdin ( which is green)
69
Where are aged and damaged erythrocytes broken down?
Spleen, liver and bone marrow
70
The waste product bilirubin is produced by...
haem molecules lacking iron
71
What happens to most of the iron that is removed from degraded haemoglobin?
Recycled to red bone marrow
72
Where is red bone marrow located in adults?
sternum and ribs
proximal epiphyses of long bones
iliac crest
body of vertebrae
73
What is erythropoeisis?
The process of red blood cell production
74
What are the developmental stage of erythrocytes called ( when the cells enter the circulation)?
Reticulocytes
75
What does each haemoglobin molecule contain?
Four iron atoms
2 alpha and 2 beta chains- each holding a haem molecule.
Each haem unit can hold one iron molecule
76
Jaundice can be caused by...
1) excessive amounts of bilirubin in plasma
2) extensive breakdown of RBCs
3) destruction of haemoglobin
4) Recycling of haemoglobin
77
What determines an individual's blood type?
Presence of specific glycoproteins on cell membrane
78
Blood type is primarily defined by...
both the ABO and Rh blood groups
79
Type AB blood has what characteristics?
both the A and B surface antigen and no ABO plasma antibodies ( universal recipient)
80
Anti D antibodies are present in the blood of
Rh negative inviduals who have been exposed to the D surface antigen
81
Where does the process of lymphopoeisis occur?
Red bone marrow
82
Where are granulocytes formed?
Red bone marrow
Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
83
Where are agglutinogens found?
Cell membrane of RBC
84
During RBC recycling each haem unit is stripped of its iron and converted to
Biliverdin
85
Which organelles do circulating, mature RBCs lack?
Nuclei
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
86
What type of chemicals are the antigens found on our blood cells?
Glycoproteins and glycolipids
87
Where is the primary site of erythropoiesis in an adult?
red bone marrow
88
Reticulocytes are nucleated immature cells that develop into...
erythrocytes
89
What are the benefits of the unsual shape of the RBC?
Flexible
Increased SA: Vol ration
Can stack up on each other
90
What is the specific term for the production of red blood cells?
Erythropoesis
91
Are Type O universal donors or recipients?
```
Universal donor ( if -ve)
Can only receive blood from another O person
```
92
If a patient developed an obstruction in his renal arteries- what would happen to the formed elements?
They would increase ( haematocrit would increase)
93
Which part of haemoglobin binds oxygen?
Haem
94
Can protein synthesis occur in mature RBC?
No.
95
What happens to the iron ions that were in haem group ( once RBC are recycled)
Iron is either stored in liver or transported back to red bone marrow to be incorporated into new haemoglobin
96
The most numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are...
Neutrophils ( Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas)
97
Which white blood cells release histamine at the site of an injury?
Basophils
98
Which are large phagocytic white cells that spend most of their time outside the blood as free and fixed phagocytic cells?
Monocytes
99
What does the hormone colony stimulating factor do?
Hormone that regulates white blood cell formation
100
White blood cells that are increased in allergic individuals are...
eosinophils
101
What the most numerous WBC in a healthy invidual?
Neutrophils
102
What are some charactersitic behaviours of neutrophils?
Can make hydropgen peroxide
Can exit capillaries
Can destroy bacteria
Attracted to complement coated bacteria
103
What are some characteristics of basophils?
constitute about 1% of WBC
Granules contain heparin and histamine
Attract other defence cells
104
What type of immunity are t lymphocytes involved in?
Cell mediated immunity
105
What are the features of an infected wound?
Pus
Tissue fluids
Cellular fluids
Dead neutrophils
106
What are some features of monocytes?
Same size as basophils
enter tissues and wander
are long lived
can phagocytise bacteria
107
What do eosinophils do?
destroy antibody labelled antigens
108
During a bacterial infection you would expect to see increased numbers of...
neutrophils
109
Which are the WBC involved in specific immunity?
lymphocytes
110
Non specific immunity is a function of which blood cells
neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes
111
```
Which of the following is true of eosinophils:
granules stain with eosin dyes
allergic patients have many
they have bilobed nucleus
they constitute 2-4 % of WBC
```
All of the answers are correct
112
What causes an increase in eosinophil numbers
allergic reaction or parasitic infection
113
What does thrombocytopoiesis mean?
Platelet production
114
Clot destruction begins involves a process that begins with...
activation of the proenzyme plasminogen, which initiates the production of plasmin
115
Megakaryocytes are specialised cells of the bone marrow that are responsible for...
formation of platelets
116
In which stage of haemostasis does local contraction of an injured blood vessel occur?
vascular phase
117
An abnormally low platelet count is called...
thrombocytopenia
118
What is the term for the characteristic of white blood cells in which hey are attracted to a specific chemical stimulus?
positive chemotaxis
119
Which ion and which vitamin affeccts nearly every aspect of the clotting process?
Calcium ions and vitamin K
All 3 pathways require calcium ions and vitamin K must be present for the liver to make all 4 clotting factor.
120
What are the patrol agents in the blood that defence the body against toxins and pathogens?
WBC and antibodies.
121
Platelets are formed from large cells called...
megakaryocytes
122
What type of granular leucocyte can engulf up to two dozen bacteria and also produce a respiratory burst that creates harsh chemical agents such as hydrogen peroxide?
neutrophils
123
What type of WBC circulates in the blood for about 24 hours before entering the tissues and differing into a macrophage?
monocyte
124
What are some of the functions of platelets/
They patch damage vessels
They initiate blood clotting
They reduce the size of a break in a vessel.
125
How do basophils respond to an injury?
They release histamine and heparin
126
Why would a person avoiding any fats have problems with blood clotting
They would be deficient in vitamin k ( fat soluble vitamin)
Absorbed with dietary lipids
127
Which type of WBC are involved in fighting off parasitic infections?
eosinophils
128
Which blood cell is responsible for carrying out immune surveillance?
Natural Killer Cells
129
What is a notable feature of leukaemia?
Excessive numbers of white blood cells
130
In which phase of haemostasis is fibrin deposited- creating a solid blood clot?
Coagulation phase
131
What is haemostasis?
Hemostasis is the natural process that stops blood loss when an injury occurs
132
What are the three stages of haemostasis?
(1) vascular spasm ( vasoconstriction );
(2) platelet plug formation; and
(3) coagulation.
133
The plasma protein involved in blood clotting is...
fibrinogen
134
What is anaemia
A condition in which the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is reduced
135
What is the best infusion for thrombocytopenia?
Purified platelets
136
What is the function of platelets?
haemostasis ( blood clotting)
137
The most common pathway in coagulation ends with...
conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin
138
What is the name of the enzyme that dissolves fibrin?
plasmin
139
Where are most clotting proteins made?
the liver
140
How would removal of calcium ions from a a blood sample affect coagulation?
Coagulation would be prevented
| needed in both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways
141
A fibrin network that contains trapped blood cells and platelets is called a ...
blood clot
| platelet plug does nto contain fibrin
142
Why can't serum coagulate?
Serum is plasma with clotting proteins removed.
143
Which is the physically largest white blood cell?
Monocyte
144
The process that leads to the formation of fibrin from fibrinogen is called...
coagulation
145
How do plasma and interstitial fluid differ little in composition?
They are very similar except plasma has proteins present
146
A triglyceride and globulin complex is termed a
lipoprotein
147
What are the antibodies that attack antigens on forgein RBCs called?
Agglutinins
148
How are WBC able to locate and populate wounds?
WBC migrate out of the blood stream
WBC move through tissues using ameoebic motion
WBC are positively attracted to specific chemical stimuli
All these properties allow them to locate the wound
149
What is haemophilia?
A blood clotting problem that is genetically caused
150
What is deficiency in haemophilia?
A deficiency in factor X production
| leads to a lack of clotting factors VIII and IX
151
What is the most abundant protein in BLOOD
Haemoglobin
152
What are the characteristics of basophils?
They release histamine
They promote inflammation
They contain cytoplasmic granules
153
Which WBC are granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
154
The agranular leucocyte that is capable of phagocytosis is called...
monocyte
155
An important function of thrombocytes is to transport...
clotting factors
156
Platelets are...
cytoplasmic fragments of large megakaryocytes
157
Where are platelets stored as a reserve?
spleen
158
What is the main function of platelets?
adhere to collage beneath endothelium
159
A moving blood clot is called a...
embolus
160
Areas in a vessel wall where large quantities of lipid accumulate are called...
plaques
161
What are some common food sources of vitamin K?
green vegetables
organ meats
whole grains
intestinal bacteria
162
What happens to haemotocrit value if a person is dehydrated?
Higher due to less blood volume
163
Type A blood has what antibodies in the plasma?
Anti-B
164
What hormones are involved in the regulation of white blood cell populations?
Colony stimulating factors
165
The differential count is a procedure that is used to determine the number of each type of white blood cells?
differential count
166
How much of WBC (%) are neutrophils
50-70%
167
A small white blood cell with a large round nucleus would be...
a lymphocyte
A monocyte is a large cell ( not small)
large nucleus- agranulocyte
168
What are some characteristics of platelets
Live for less than two weeks
Spleen is a storage organ for a large platelet population
They are not cells
They clump together at the site of injury
169
What is thrombocytopenia
Low platelet number
170
What do endothelial cells release that stimulate smooth muscle contraction and accelerate the repair process?
Endothelins
171
Why do people with advanced kidney disease commonly become anaemic?
1) damaged kidneys produce less erythropoeitin ( therefore less stimulation of Red bone marrow)
2) Erythropoetin is lost into the urine by leaky kidneys
3) During dialysis treatment erythropoeitin is washed away
172
What is polycythemia?
Condition where red blood cells are increased
173
The enzyme that can digest fibrin and dissolve a clot is called
Plasmin
174
The process of fibrinolysis does what...
dissolves clots
175
What is the correct sequence of haemostasis
```
vascular spasm
platelet phase
coagulation
retraction
fibrinolysis
```
176
Eyrhtopoeitin directly stimulates RBC formation by
increasing rates of mitotic divisions in erythroblasts
speeding up the maturation of red blood cells
accelerating the rate of haemoglobin synthesis
177
What are the five major functions of blood?
1) transports gases/ nutrients/wastes/ hormones
2) regulates pH
3) restricts fluid loss through damage
4) defends against toxins/pathogens
5) stabilises body temperature
178
Name the three major types of plasma proteins and their functions
1) Albumin- maintain osmotic pressure and transfer fatty acids
2) globulins- bind to small ions/ hormones and attack foreign proteins ( immunoglobulin)
3) Fibrinogen- clotting
179
Which type of antibodies does Type A blood have?
Anti B antibodies
180
What antibodies does Type O have?
Both A and B antibodies
181
What antibodies does Type B have?
Anti A antibodies
182
What antibodies does Type AB have?
None
183
Which kinds of WBCs contribute to the body's nonspecific defences?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes
184
Name the three types of lymphocytes and identify their functions
T lymphocytes- cell mediated immunity ( phagocytes)
B lymphocytes- humoral immunity ( antibodies, extracellular)
Natural killer cells- immune surveillance
185
What four conditions cause the release of erythropoeitin?
1) Anaemia
2) Decrease in blood flow to kidneys
3) Oxygen in lungs decreases
4) Damage to respiratory surfaces of the lungs
186
Do WBCs have a nucleus?
Yes
187
What is the role of blood in the stabilisation and maintenance of body temperature?
Absorbing and redistributing heat
188
Why is aspirin sometimes prescribed for the prevention of vascular problems?
Inhibits clotting
