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Anatomy and Physiology Exam > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three kinds of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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2
Q

Function of skeletal muscle

A

Voluntary

attached primarily to bones which facilitates movement of the skeleton

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3
Q

Function of the cardiac muscle

A

Involuntary
Part of the heart
Striated

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4
Q

Function of smooth muscle tissue

A

Located in the walls of hollow internal structures including blood vessels and the intestinal tract

Usually involuntary with some autonomic rhythm

Influenced by hormones and neurotransmitters

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5
Q

What are the five types of bone?

A

1) Long bones
2) Short bones
3) Flat bones
4) Irregular bones
5) Sesamoid bones

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6
Q

Describe the structure of long bones and give examples

A

Longer than they are wide
Slightly curved ( gives them added strength)
Consist primarily of compact bone which is dense with few spaces
Also contain lots of spongy bone ( numerous large spaces)

EXAMPLES: ulna, radius, tibia, fibula, humerus.
Phalanges of fingers and toes.

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7
Q

Describe the structure of short bones and give examples?

A

Equal in length and width
They have a thin outer surface of compact bone

EXAMPLES: Carpals ( in hands) and tarsals ( in feet) are examples of short bones.

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8
Q

Describe the structure of flat bones and give examples?

A

Thin and composed of two plates of compact bone enclosing a layer of spongy bone ( reversed)

Protect the internal organs and provide areas for muscle attachment.

EXAMPLES: Sternum, ribs and scapulae

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9
Q

Describe the structure of irregular bones and give examples?

A

Complex shapes
Amount of compact and spongy bone varies

EXAMPLES: vertebrae and some facial bones

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10
Q

Describe the structure of sesamoid bones and give examples?

A

Generally embedded in tendons where considerable pressure develops

EXAMPLES: Patella (kneecap)

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11
Q

In which type of bone are Haversian canals (osteons) present?

A

Compact bone

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12
Q

What are Haversian canals?

A

Form part of osteon ( units) in compact bone

The canals are a series of tubes around narrow channels formed by laemllae in compact bone.

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13
Q

In what direction are osteons arranged?

A

Parallel to the long axis of bone

Allows for the deposit of mineral salts and storage which give bone tissue its strength.

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14
Q

What type of neurones stimulate muscle contraction?

A

Motor neurones

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15
Q

What do sensory neurones do?

A

Conduct nerve impulses to the central nervous system

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16
Q

How do motor neurones control muscle contraction?

A

The motor neurone and the muscle fibre are connected at the neuromuscular junction where muscle fibre membranes form specialised motor end plates.

When an impulse from the brain reaches the axonal end of a motor neurone, some of the vesciles release neurotransmitters into the gap that lies between the motor end plate and the neurone.

This causes the muscle fibre to contract.

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17
Q

Does a single motor neurone synapse with one muscle fibre?

A

No. It may synapse with one or more muscle fibres.

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18
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction?

A

This is where the muscle fibre and the muscle fibre are connected.
The muscle fibres form specialised specialised motor end plates.

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19
Q

How does muscle contraction occur?

A

Via the sliding filament mechanism

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20
Q

What are the two types of fibres in muscle cells?

A

Actin and myosin filaments

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21
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

The basic unit of organisation of actin and myosin filaments in striated muscle cells.

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22
Q

How does the sliding filament mechanism occur?

A

When each end of the myosin filament movs along the actin filament with which it overlaps, the two actin filaments are drawn closer together.

The ends of the sarcomere are therefore drawn in and the sarcomere shortens ( although the length of actin and myosin filaments does not change).

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23
Q

How are sarcomeres arranged in a muscle fibre?

A

In series.

When a muscle fibre contracts, all sarcomeres within the fibre contract simultaneously.

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24
Q

What is muscle fatigue?

A

The inability of a muscle to maintain it’s contraction strength

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25
What is the physiology behind muscle fatigue?
When skeletal muscles become over stimulated, the strength of contraction becomes progressively weaker until the muscle no longer responds. It occurs when a muscle cannot produce enough energy to meet its needs.
26
What are some factors which contribute to muscle fatigue?
Insufficient oxygen, low glycogen levels, accumulation of lactic acid or a failure in neurotransmitter release.
27
Is skeletal muscle under involuntary or voluntary control?
Voluntary control.
28
What are the two types of voluntary muscle fibres?
Slow twitch and fast twitch Slow: contract for long periods of time but with little force Fast: contract quickly and powerfully but fatigue very rapidly.
29
How are muscle powered?
Aerobic respiration- breakdown of fats and glucose Anaerobic chemical reactions- particularly in fast twitch fibres. These chemical reactions produce ATP which is used to power the muscle movement.
30
What are the four types of cell in bone tissue?
Osteoprogenitor cells Osteoblasts Osteoclasts Osteocytes
31
What do osteoprogenitor cells do?
Non specalised. Found in inner part of the periosteum, in the endosteum and in the canals of bone that possess blood vessels. FUNCTION: undergo mitosis and develop into osteoblasts
32
What do osteoblasts do?
Cells involved in bone formation. Incapable of mitosis ( cell division) Secrete collagen and other organic substances required in the formation of bone tissue.
33
What do osteocytes do
Mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts Principal cells of bone tissue Cannot divide by mitosis FUNCTON: Found on surfaces of bone and function in bone resorption.
34
What are the three classes of joints ( based on anatomical characteristics?
1) Fibrous 2) Synovial 3) Cartilaginous
35
What is the structural classification of joints based on?
Based on the presence or absence of a synovial cavity ( space) between the articulating bones and the type of connective tissue that binds bones together.
36
What is a fibrous joint?
No synovial cavity. | Bones held together by fibrous connective tissue.
37
What is a cartilaginous joint?
No synovial cavity but bones held together by cartilage
38
What is a synovial joint?
Possess a joint cavity and the bones forming the joint are united by a surrounding articular capsule and in some cases by accessory ligaments.
39
Joints can be classified anatomically ( e.g fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial) and by.....
By function and freedom of movement
40
What are the classifications of joint according to movement?
``` 1) immovable ( synarthrosis) as with most fibrous joints 2) Amphiarthroses ( slightly moveable) As with most cartilaginous joints 3) Diarthroses ( freely moveable joints) All synovial joints ```
41
What is an example of a synovial joint?
Shoulder or hip
42
What is the most common type of joint in the body?
Synovial ( diarthroses)
43
What are the structural differences of synovial joints to cartilaginous and fibrous joints
1) capsules surrounding the articulating surfaces of a synovial joint 2) the lubricating synovial fluid within the capsule cavity
44
What type of bone is the patella?
Sesamoid bone It is a thick, circular triangular bone which articulates with the femur and covers and protects the knee joint.
45
What is the primary function of the patella?
Knee extension
46
What type of joint ( according to range of movement) are the following? ``` Skull sutures shoulder Elbow Pubic symphysis Knee Interphalangeal joints Hip Vertebrae ```
``` Skull- synarthrosis shoulder- diarthrosis elbow- diarthrosis pubic symphysis- amphiarthrosis knee- diarthrosis interphalangeal- diarthrosis hip- diarthrosis vertebrae- amphiarthrosis ```
47
What is the diaphysis ( bone?)
the main or mid section of long bone ( shaft).
48
What does the diaphysis contain?
Compact bone and usually contains bone marrow and adipose tissue ( red and yellow /pinkbone marrow)
49
What is the epiphysis ( bone?)
The round end of long bone at its joint with adjacent bones.
50
What is the epiphyseal plate?
Between the epiphysis and diaphysis. Structure: hyaline cartilage plate Found in children and adolescents At the end of puberty the epihyseal cartilage cells stop duplicating and the entire cartilage is slowly replaced by bone, leaving only a thin epiphyseal line.
51
What is the metaphysis ( bone?
Between the epiphysis and diaphysis in long bone
52
What is articular cartilage?
A type of hyaline cartilage that is attached to articular bone surfaces. FUNCTION: reduces friction at the joint where bones move/ absorbs shock. It is not to bind bones together.
53
What is the epiphyseal line?
Found in adults. | Replaces the epiphyseal plate in adults ( when bone length growth has stopped)
54
What are the two types of bone structure?
Compact and spongy
55
What is spongy bone also known as?
cancellous bone
56
What is spongy bone?
Located in the epiphyses of long bone and the centre of all other bones. Consists of a lattice structure of bone rods called trabeculae. Spaces between the trabecular are filled with red marrow.
57
What is compact bone?
A densely packed bone that contains few spaces Forms the external layer on all bones and the bulk of diaphyses of long bones. FUNCTION: Provides protection and support and helps long bones to resist stress
58
Describe the blood vessel, nerve and lymphatic innervation of bone?
Come from the perosteum and penetrate the compact bone through a system of perforating canals. These canals connect with those of the medullary cavity, periosteum and Haversian canals.
59
What is a nutrient artery?
A large artery that supplies the medullary canal in long bone. They pass through a large opening, the nutrient foramen, which runs obliquely through the shaft to the medullary canal.
60
How do nutrient arteries enter the medullary cavity in long bone?
They pass through a large opening, the nutrient foramen, which runs obliquely through the shaft to the medullary canal.
61
What is the blood supply of bones?
Well supplied. Long bones- have nutrient artery Smaller arteries pierce compact bone to supply the spongy bone and red marrow whilst numerous arterioles run into the compact bone to supply the Haversian canals and systems.
62
What is the periosteum?
A membrane that lines the outer surface of all bones
63
What is the structure of the periosteum?
Similar to the endosteum. It is attached to bones by strong collagenous fibre FUNCTION: Provides attachment for muscles and tendons and nourishment via the blood supply.
64
What is the endosteum?
lines the inner surface of all bones
65
What happens during fracture healing?
Osteoblasts form bone and chondroblasts form cartilage- both are essential for healing.
66
What is the medullary cavity?
The central cavity of the bone shaft where red bone marrow is stored. Located in the diaphysis ( shaft) of long bones
67
What is the structure of the medullary cavity?
Walls composed of spongy bone and is lined with endosteum
68
Which is the only long bone that does not contain a medullary cavity?
The clavicle
69
What is the main function of the medullary cavity?
Formation of erythrocytes and leucocytes
70
What is the endosteum?
Thin layer of connective tissue which lines the surface of bone tissue within the medullary cavity of long bones. Usually reabsorbed during long periods of malnutrition
71
What is deep fascia?
The deep fascia of muscle allows free movement of muscles, supports nerves, blood and lymphatic vessels and fills intramuscular space.
72
What are the three layers of dense irregular connective tissue that extend from the deep fascia to protect and strengthen skeletal muscle?
Epimysium Perimysium Endomysium
73
What is the perimysium
A layer of dense connective tissue that surrounds muscle fibres ( fascicles).
74
What is the endoysium
Penetrates each fascicle and separates into individual muscle fibres
75
What is the epimysium?
A layer of connective tissue which surrounds the muscle. Structure: composed of sense irregular connective tissue and is continuous with the fascia, endomysium and perimysium. t Also continuous with tendons ( where it becomes thicker and collagenous) FUNCTION: Protects muscles from friction between other muscles and bones.
76
What is a fascicle?
A bundle of muscle fibres surrounded by a protective layer of perimysium
77
What is skeletal muscle made up of?
Individual muscle fibres. A muscle is made up of bundles of muscle fibres held together by connective tissue.
78
What is a myofibril?
Bundles of actomyosin filaments ( actin and myosin) Cylindical organelles found within muscle cells. They run from one end of the cell to the other and are attached to the cell surface membrane at either end.
79
List the structure of skeletal muscle in descending order/
``` Deep fascia Epimysium Perimysium ( around each fascicle) Fascicle Muscle fibre Myofibril (actin and myosin) ```
80
What is the musculoskeletal system also known as?
locomotor system
81
What are the functions of the skeleton?
1) allow co-ordinated movement 2) Protection for internal organs 3) storage system for calcium and phosphorus 4) maintains critical components of the haematopoietic system

Anatomy and Physiology Exam (10 decks)

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