Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHA Vitamins > Haematopoietic/Myeloid Growth Factors > Flashcards

Haematopoietic/Myeloid Growth Factors Flashcards

1
Q

Erythropoietin is the most important regulator of…

A

…the proliferation of committed progenitors [Colony Forming Units – CFU- Erythroid (CFU-E)] and their immediate progeny.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Erythropoietin absence leads to…

A

…severe anaemia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Erythropoiesis is controlled by

A

…a highly responsive feedback system in which a sensor in the kidney detects changes in O2 delivery to modulate EPO secretion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

EPO is encoded by a gene on…

A

…human chromosome 7 expressed primarily in peritubular interstitial cells of the kidney.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

EPO contains…

A

193 amino acids with the first 27 cleaved during secretion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The final hormone is __. What is the molecular mass?

A

heavily glycosylated and has a molecular mass of about 30,000 daltons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Fate of EPO after secretion

A

It binds on a receptor on the surface of its committed erythroid progenitors in the marrow and is internalized.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Effects of anaemia/hypoxemia on EPO synthesis (Hint: Positive feedback)

A

It results in increased EPO synthesis (greater than 100 fold). This leads to increased serum level of EPO and consequent stimulation of marrow progenitor cells survival, proliferation and maturation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The regulated feedback loop of EPO can be disrupted by…

A

kidney disease, marrow damage or deficiency in iron/essential vitamin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

EPO secretion, Fe delivery and progenitor proliferation are suppressed by

A

…inflammatory cytokines (produced sequel to infection/inflammatory state.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Epoetin alfa is…

A

…a recombinant human EPO produced using engineered Chinese hamster ovary cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Similarities and differences between EPO and epoietin alfa

A

It is nearly identical to the endogenous hormone except for differences in carbohydrate modification pattern and potential to cause pure red cell aplasia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Epoietin alfa has the potential to cause…

A

pure red cell aplasia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How was pure red cell aplasia in epoietin alfa observed?

A

This was observed with a commercially available form associated with development of anti-recombinant EPO antibodies which cross-reacts with endogenous EPO.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Epoietin alfa peparations are supplied in single use vials of what measurement…

A

2,000 – 4,000 units/mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Darbapoetin Alfa/ Novel Erythropoiesis – Stimulating Protein (NESP)?

A

A genetically modified form of EPO in which 4 amino acids have been mutated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does NESP differ from EPO?

A

Differs for Epoetin in that it is a glycosylated form and exhibits a longer half-life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Half life of NESP

A

43 h s.c.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Half life of EPO

A

27 h administered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Therapeutic Uses of EPO Products

A

Anaemias associated

  • poor erythropoietic response e.
  • surgery, AIDS, cancer chemotherapy, prematurity and chronic inflammatory conditions (autoimmune disorders e.g. rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

One condition where poor erythropoietin response is observed is…

A

Chronic kidney disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

EPO products are used in conjunction with…

A

…adequate Fe intake as EPO therapy is associated with absolute or functional Fe deficiency.

23
Q

Relationship between EPO products and iron

A

EPO therapy is associated with absolute or functional Fe deficiency.

24
Q

Effects of epoietin and darbepoetin therapy in patients with anaemia due to cancer and CKD

A

It can increase Hb level, reduce transfusion requirements and improve quality of life.

25
Q

Generally helpful dose for EPO (epoietin alfa) therapy

A

150 units/kg three times a week

26
Q

Full meaning of GM-CSF

A

Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor

27
Q

Synonym for GSF-CSF

A

Colony-Stimulating Factor 2 (CSF 2)

28
Q

Function of GM-CSF/CSF 2

A
  • It stimulates the proliferation, differentiation and function of a number of myeloid cell lineages.
  • It also prevents alveolar proteinosis.
29
Q

Mechanism of action of GM-CSF to increase neutrophil and monocyte production

A

It acts synergistically with Stem Cell Factor (SCF), IL-1, IL-3 and IL-6 to stimulate Colony Forming Unit-Granulocyte- Macrophage (CFU-GM) and Colony Forming Unit- Megakaryocyte (CFU-Meg) to increase neutrophil and monocyte production.

30
Q

GM-CSF acts synergistically with EPO to promote…

A

Burst Forming Unit-Erythrocyte (BFU-E) formation.

31
Q

Difference between progenitor cell and stem cell

A

A progenitor cell is a biological cell that, like a stem cell, has a tendency to differentiate into a specific type of cell, but is already more specific than a stem cell and is pushed to differentiate into its “target” cell.

Stem cells can replicate indefinitely, whereas progenitor cells can divide only a limited number of times.

32
Q

What is a myeloid cell?

A

They are blood cells that arise from a progenitor cell for granulocytes, monocytes, erythrocytes, or platelets or in a narrower sense also often used, specifically from the lineage of the myeloblast (the myelocytes, monocytes, and their daughter types).

33
Q

Leukocytes are myeloid cells. True or false?

A

False

34
Q

Cells in the myeloid cell line include…

A 
Basophils
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Monocytes
Macrophages
Erythrocytes
Platelets
35
Q

Number of amino acids in recombinant human GM-CSF and its source

A

127 amino acids (glycoprotein); produced in yeast.

36
Q

Another name for GM-CSF

A

Sargramostim

37
Q

Primary therapeutic effect of GM/CSF is

A

the stimulation of myelopoiesis

38
Q

Conditions where the primary effects of GM-CSF/CSF 2 work

A
  • patients undergoing autologous bone marrow transplantation
  • allogenic transplantation
  • patients receiving intensive cancer chemotherapy
  • patients with cyclic neutropenia
  • myelodysplasia
  • aplastic anaemia
  • AIDS associated neutropenia
39
Q

Functions of GSF/CSF 3

A
  • It stimulates proliferation, differentiation and function of neutrophils and their progenitors.
  • It also enhances phagocytic and cytotoxic activities of neutrophils.
  • It also mobilises primitive haemopoietic cells, including haemopoietic stem cells, from marrow to peripheral blood
40
Q

Mechanism of action of GSF/CSF 3

A

It acts primarily on CFU-G, although it also plays a synergistic role with IL-3 and GM-CSF in stimulating other cell lines.

41
Q

Difference between G-CSF/CSF 3 and GM-CSF

A

G-CSF has little effect on monocytes, macrophages and eosinophils, and reduces inflammation by inhibiting IL-1, TNF and interferon gamma.

42
Q

Number of amino acids in recombinant human G-CSF filgrastin

A

175 amino acids (glycoproteins), E. coli.

43
Q

Therapeutic uses of G-CSF/CSF 3

A
  • Different neutropenia type

* Patients undergoing peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) collection for stem cell transplantation.

44
Q

Types of neutropenia where G-CSF/CSF 3 is administered for treatment

A
  • after autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
  • high dose cancer chemotherapy
  • severe congenital neutropenias
  • cyclic neutropenia
  • neutropenia of AIDS patients receiving zidovudine
45
Q

Thrombopoetin function

A
  • Stimulates self-renewal and expansion of haematopoietic stem cells.
  • Stimulates stem cell differentiation into megakaryocyte progenitors.
  • Selectively stimulates megakaryocytopoiesis to increase platelet production
  • Used to augment peripheral blood (PB) counts in preparation for platelet donation
46
Q

Thrombopoietin acts synergistically with which other growth factors?

A

Especially IL-6 and IL-11

47
Q

TPO size…

A

It is a 45,000 – 75,000 dalton glycoprotein containing 332 amino acids

48
Q

TPO source

A

The liver, marrow stromal cells and many other organs.

49
Q

Genetic elimination of TPO in humans and mice or its receptor reduces platelet counts to 20% of normal values. True or false?

A

Kind of… It’s 10%, actually

50
Q

Forms of recombinant TPO developed for clinical use include…

A

…rHuMGDF (recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor) and rHuTPO (recombinant human thrombopoietin produced in mammalian cells).

51
Q

rHuMGDF is produced in __ and modified with __

A

…bacteria, polyethylene glycol

52
Q

Effect of polyethylene glycol on rHuTPO?

A

Increase circulatory half-life

53
Q

Role of TPO in chemotherapy and radiation-induced myelosuppression

A

It accelerates recovery of platelet counts and other haematological parameters

54
Q

Conditions where TPO offers greater benefits

A
  • Patients with gynaecological cancers receiving carboplatin

- Patients treated with carboplatin plus cyclophosphamide with supplementation with G-CSF and TPO vs. G-CSF alone.

PHA Vitamins (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions