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Dermatology > Hair, Nails, Drug Eruptions > Flashcards

Hair, Nails, Drug Eruptions Flashcards

1
Q

What are vellus hairs?

A

Fine, short hair covering much of body surface. Replaces lanugo hairs before birth

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2
Q

What are terminal hairs?

A

Long, coarse hairs eg scalp & pubic area. Growth influenced by androgen levels

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3
Q

What are lanugo hairs?

A

Fine long hairs covering the foetus. Shed about 1 month before birth

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4
Q

In hair cycle what is the growing phase called?

A

Anagen phase

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5
Q

In hair cycle what is the growing phase called?

A

Catagen phase

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6
Q

In hair cycle what is the growing phase called?

A

Telogen phase

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7
Q

In hair cycle what is the phase called where there is the release of a dead hair??

A

Exogen phase

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8
Q

What is telogen effluvium?

A

A trigger (e.g. surgery or a nutritional or endocrine imbalance) causes anagen-phase hair follicles to transition prematurely to the telogen phase, resulting in a noticeable increase in shedding of scalp hairs 2-3 months later

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9
Q

Name an endocrine cause of generalised hair loss?

A

Thyroid disease

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10
Q

A dietary deficiency of what is likely to cause hair loss?

A

Iron (zinc and vitamin D are also important)

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11
Q

Name 5 types of non-scaring localised hair loss?

A
  1. Alopecia areata
  2. Androgenetic
  3. Trichotillomania
  4. Traction alopecia
  5. Tinea capitis
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12
Q

Name 4 types of scarring localised hair loss?

A
  1. Burns/trauma
  2. CDLE (Cutaneous discoid lupus erythematous)
  3. Lichen planus
  4. Frontal fibrosing alopecia
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13
Q

What treatments are available for alopecia areata?

A

Topical/systemic steroids
PUVA
DCP (Diphencyprone)
Dithranol

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14
Q

What are the investigations for tinea capitis?

A

Skin scrapping
Hair pluckings
Woods lamp

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15
Q

What is the treatment for tinea capitis?

A

Oral anti-fungal (Griseofulvin)

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16
Q

What is the investigation for CDLE (Cutaneous discoid lupus erythematosus)

A

Clinical + biopsy with DIF (Direct immunofluorescence)

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17
Q

What treatments can be given for CDLE?

A

Potent topical steroids
Hydroxychloroquine
Photoprotection

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18
Q

What investigations can be done for androgenetic hair loss (common balding)?

A

Hormone levels
Iron
Zinc

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19
Q

What medication can be used for androgenetic hair loss?

A

Minoxidil

Anti-androgens (spirolactone)

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20
Q

What is the condition which involves unwanted, male-pattern hair growth in women?

A

Hirsutism

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21
Q

Hirsutism is caused by an increase in which hormone?

A

Androgen

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22
Q

Name some causes of hirsutism?

A

Familial / constitutional – may be assoc. with seborrhoea, acne, androgenetic alopecia
Adrenal hyperplasia or tumour
Ovarian – PCOS or tumour
Pituitary – hyperprolactinaemia
Iatrogenic – e.g. Danazol, Glucocorticoids

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23
Q

What is hypertrichosis?

A

Excessive hair growth in a non-androgenic distribution

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24
Q

What is the paronychium?

A

A soft tissue that surrounds both fingernails and toenails

25
Q

What is the eponychium?

A

The thickened layer of skin surrounding fingernails and toenails

26
Q

What is the lunula?

A

The white area at the base of a fingernail

27
Q

What are Beau’s lines?

A

Deep grooved lines that run from side to side on the fingernail or the toenail. They may look like indentations or ridges in the nail plate

28
Q

What causes Beau’s line?

A

Transient arrest in nail growth, which occurs during acute stress/illness

29
Q

What is onycholysis?

A

The painless detachment of the nail from the nail bed, usually starting at the tip and/or sides

30
Q

What disease is onycholysis most commonly seen in?

A

Psoriasis

31
Q

What is paronychia?

A

A nail disease that is an often-tender bacterial or fungal infection of the hand or foot where the nail and skin meet at the side or the base of a finger or toenail

32
Q

Name 2 bacterium which cause acute paronychia?

A

Staph. Aureus

Strep. Pyogenes

33
Q

What fungal usually causes chronic paronychia?

A

Candida/can be mould-related

34
Q

What is the cause of sublingual haematoma?

A

Trauma

35
Q

What is Hutchinson’s sign in malignant melanoma of the nail bed?

A

Spreading pigmentation

36
Q

What is a myxoid cyst?

A

Benign swelling that occurs on the fingers or, sometimes, the toes

37
Q

What is the most common type of drug eruption?

A

Exanthematous drug eruption

38
Q

Give some examples of drugs known to cause exanthematous drug eruption?

A

Penicillins
Carbamazepine
Allopurinol
NSAIDs

39
Q

What is the 2nd most common type of drug eruption?

A

Drug-induced acute urticaria

40
Q

Give some examples of drugs known to cause drug-induced urticaria?

A

Antibiotics esp. penicillin
NSAIDs
ACE inhibitors

41
Q

What is erythema nodosum?

A

Condition characterized by inflammation of the fat cells under the skin, resulting in tender red nodules or lumps

42
Q

What drugs can cause erythema nodosum?

A

Sulfonamides

Oral contraceptive

43
Q

What infections can cause erythema nodosum?

A

Strep.
TB
Leprosy

44
Q

What autoimmune conditions can cause erythema nodosum?

A

Sarcoidosis
Ulcerative colitis
Behçet’s disease

45
Q

What is Steven Johnson Syndrome?

A

A type of severe skin reaction with mucosal erosion and epidermal detachment on <10% of the body’s surface, it is associated with fever and flu-like symptoms

46
Q

What is the histology of Steven Johnson Syndrome?

A

Full thickness epidermal necrolysis

47
Q

What drugs can cause Steven Johnson Syndrome?

A

Allopurinol, antibiotics, anticonvulsants, NSAIDs

48
Q

In toxic epidermal necrolysis what percentage of the body is affected?

A

> 30%

49
Q

What are the causes of erythema multiforme?

A

Drugs - sulphonamides, phenytoin, penicillin
Infection - herpes simplex, mycoplasma
Idiopathic > 50%

50
Q

How are the lesions in erythema multiforme typically described?

A

Target lesions

51
Q

What drugs can cause hypersensitivity (leukocytoclastic) vasculitis?

A 
Allopurinol
Amiodarone
NSAIDs
Thiazide
Penicillins
Sulphonamides
Hydralazine
52
Q

What drugs can cause exfoliative dermatitis (erythroderma)?

A

Barbiturates
Gold
Quinine
Sulphonamides

53
Q

What drugs may cause a fixed drug eruption?

A 
Phenolphthalein
Antibiotics (tetracyclines)
NSAIDs
Quinine
OCP
54
Q

What may cause a drug-induced lichenoid eruption?

A

B blockers
Captopril
Thiazides
Frusemide

55
Q

What may cause a drug-induced pemphigoid?

A

Frusemide
Penicillamine
Penicillin
Sulphasalzine

56
Q

What may cause a drug-induced pemphigus?

A

Penicillamine
Captopril
Penicillin
Gold

57
Q

What may cause drug-induced photosensitivity? (sun distribution rash)

A

Quinine

Thiazide

58
Q

What may cause a drug-induced LE (lupus erythematous)?

A 
Hydralazine
Procainamide
B blockers
Phenytoin
Thiazides
59
Q

What may cause drug-induced hyperpigmentation?

A

Chlorpromazine

Minocycline

Dermatology (16 decks)

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