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biology year 9 > half-term 4 > Flashcards

half-term 4 Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

what is the simple definition of a virus?

A

a package of genetic material wrapped in a protein coat

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2
Q

what are the 7 characteristics of life?

A 
movement 
respiration
sensitivity
nutrition
excretion 
reproduction
growth
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3
Q

what are 2 type of viruses that affect animals?

A

aden oviruses and coronaviruses

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4
Q

what type of virus infect bacteria?

A

bacteriophages

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5
Q

which coronavirus caused COVID-19?

A

SARS-CoV-2

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6
Q

explain the reason for washing you hands with soap to help prevent the transmission of COVID-19

A

this genetic material is packaged inside a lipid envelope which can be broken apart by chemicals in soap. once broken up the virus is harmless and can no longer be caught or transmitted

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7
Q

how can fungi reproduce

A

both sexually and asexually

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8
Q

example of a single-celled fungi

A

yeasts

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9
Q

what do fungi’s cell walls contain

A

chitin

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10
Q

what is hyphae

A

branching filaments

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11
Q

what is the reproductive part of fungi called

A

the fruiting body

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12
Q

how do fungi obtain food

A

fungi use their hyphae, which elongate & branch off spreading the mycelium through soil or through living or dead plant or in animal tissues.

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13
Q

what are decomposers?

A

fungi obtain their food substances from dead organic matter, break down & get rid of dead organisms

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14
Q

what are Lichens?

A

an association of a fungus, & a plant that photosynthesises.

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15
Q

what is one example of a useful use of bacteria

A

making yogurt

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16
Q

how is anthrax spread

A

inhaled

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17
Q

how is whooping cough spread

A

spread through the air from person to person

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18
Q

how is Lyme disease spread

A

spread by ticks

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19
Q

how is chlamydia spread

A

sexually transmitted

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20
Q

how is botulism spread

A

develops if a persons ingests the toxin

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21
Q

how is tetanus spread

Study These Flashcards
A

from soil and manure it can enter through a break in the skin

22
Q

how is diphtheria spread

Study These Flashcards
A

spreads through droplets

23
Q

how is diarrhea spread

Study These Flashcards
A

droplet infection

24
Q

how is meningitis spread

Study These Flashcards
A

coughing, sneezing, kissing

25
how is stomach ulcers spread
person to person in close contact
26
how is legionnaire's disease spread
by inhaling droplets of water
27
how is listeriosis spread
transmitted via the oral route after ingestion of contaminated food products
28
how is leprosy spread
coughing or sneezing, droplets
29
how is tuberculosis spread
spreads through the air
30
how is gonorrhoea spread
sexually transmitted
31
how is salmonellosis spread
contaminated food and drink
32
how is pneumonia spread
pathogen entering the lungs
33
how is cholera spread
food or drink contaminated with infected persons face.
34
what are protoctists or protists?
single-celled organisms that are not anima, plant or fungi
35
what are the two things all proctists/protists have in common?
they are all very simple and small.
36
3 protocists that live in fresh water
Amoeba, Paramecium and Euglena
37
information about Amoeba
move by bulging their cytoplasm, to slide across a surface
38
information about Paramecium
slipper shaped organism with many hair like cilia around the outside of their membrane
39
information about Euglena
have characteristics of both animals (have a long flagellum and move, have an eyespot and move towards the light) and plants (have chloroplast and photosynthesise, they store starch
40
what do Parasitic protoctists include?
Plasmodium
41
the life cycle of plasmodium vivax (7)
1 human- female mosquito bites the human 2 human- the malaria parasite, Plasmodium, travels in the blood 3 human- the malaria parasite infects the liver 4 human- the malaria parasite reproduces asexually 5 the mosquito consumes infected blood when feeding 6 mosquito- the malaria parasite travels from the gut to its salivary glands 7 mosquito- the malaria parasite reproduces sexually
42
6 of the body's primary defences and explanation of how each one performs
- tears (contain an enzyme that kills some microbes) - mucus (traps particles and contains an enzyme that kills some microbes) - cilia (there are fine hairs in the airways. move trapped microbes back up out of the body) - skin (stops microbes from entering the body) - scab (blood clots over a wound to prevent microbes from entering the body) - stomach acid (kills many microbes)
43
after the body's primary defences what is the next line of defence?
white blood cells
44
what are the three types of white blood cell and what do they do?
- Phagocytes- ingest microbes and destroy them - 'B-cells'- produce antibodies - 'T-cells'- produce antitoxins
45
what happens when microbes infect the body?
white blood cells numbers increase and blood flows to the site of the infection.
46
white blood cells
cells in the blood that help fight disease, for example by producing antibodies
47
immune system
the parts of our bodies that fight disease caused by pathogens such as viruses and bacteria, including the white blood cells
48
phagocyte
a type of white blood cell that ingests and digests harmful particles such as bacteria
49
antibody
a molecule made by the immune system that recognises microbes and helps get rid of them
50
memory cell
a white blood cell that makes antibodies to fight infection caused by pathogen; it can quickly fight the same pathogen if it should enter the body again
51
what happens once an infection is overcome?
- Once an infection is overcome, the number of white blood cells returns to normal levels. - However, some T cells and B cells remain as memory cells. - If the same pathogen infects the body again, these memory cells react quickly - This is why we don’t often suffer from the same disease twice: we are now immune to it.
52
how does mutating affect what happens after you overcome the flu?
- Some pathogens, such as those that cause flu, can mutate - This means there are small changes in their DNA which means they produce slightly - different proteins (antigens). - This means that the memory cells do not recognise them so we can get flu each year.

biology year 9 (3 decks)

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