Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Mental Health Exam 1 Flashcards > Halter Chapter 2 (Not Recommended) > Flashcards

Halter Chapter 2 (Not Recommended) Flashcards

1
Q

An Austrian neurologist who revolutionized thinking about mental health disorders =

A

Sigmund Freud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Introduced a groundbreaking theory of personality structure, levels of awareness, anxiety, the role of defense mechanisms, and the stages of psychosocial development =

A

Sigmund Freud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Freud believed that there were how many levels of psychosocial awareness?

A

3 Levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How did Freud describe the three levels of psychological awareness?

A

By turning the mind into a metaphorical iceberg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Tip of the iceberg. Contains all the material a person is aware of at any one time =

A

The Conscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the conscious include?

A

Perceptions, Memories, Thoughts, Fantasies, & Feelings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Just below the surface. Contains material that can be retrieved rather easily through conscious effort =

A

Preconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The bottom of the iceberg. Includes all repressed memories, passions, and unacceptable urges =

A

Unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Memories + Emotions associated with trauma may be found here=

A

The unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Exerts a powerful yet unseen effect on the conscious thoughts and feeling of a person =

A

The Unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Is a person usually able to retrieve unconscious material without the help of a therapist?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Freud made 3 major and distinct but interactive systems of the personality. What are they?

A

Ego, Superego, ID

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Totally unconscious and impulsive. The source of all drives, instincts, reflexes, and needs =

A

ID

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

At birth, we are all-

A

ID

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Lacks the ability to problem solve and is illogical =

A

ID

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Can’t tolerate frustration and seeks to discharge tension and return to a more comfortable level of energy =

A

ID

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Within the first few years of life as the child begins to interact with others, what develops?

A

The Ego

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The ID is a part of the-

A

Unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What level of awareness does the ego fall into?

A

All 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The problem solver and reality tester, attempts to navigate the outside world =

A

The Ego

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Grants you the ability to differentiate subjective experiences, memory images, and objective reality =

A

Ego

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Tells the ID that “You have to delay gratification for right now” and then sets a course of action =

A

Ego

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Develops between 3 and 5 years old. The moral component of personality =

A

The Superego

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

In what levels of awareness does the superego reside?

A

All 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

In what way does the superego consist of the conscious?

A

All of the “should not’s” internalized from parents and society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

In what way does the superego consist of the ego?

A

All of the “shoulds” internalized from parents and society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

When behavior falls short of ideal, this may produce guilt.
When behavior reaches that of ideal, it may produce pride.

This is an example of how superego fits into the-

A

Unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

In a mature and well-adjusted individual, the 3 systems of the personality all work together under the administrative leadership of the-

A

Ego

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

If the superego is too powerful, what happens?

A

The person may be self-critical + suffer feelings of intense inferiority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

If the ID is too powerful, what happens?

A

The person lacks impulse control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What develops defense mechanisms?

A

The Ego

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Wards off anxiety by preventing conscious awareness of feelings =

A

Defense Mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Defense mechanisms share what 2 main features?

A

They all (Except suppression) operate on an unconscious level.
They deny, falsify, or distort reality to make it less threatening.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Can we survive without defense mechanisms?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Can defense mechanisms distort reality so much that we can’t experience difficulty with healthy development and personal growth?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Freud believed that the human development proceeds through how many psychosexual stages from infancy to adulthood?

A

5 Stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What timeframe determines a person’s lifetime adjustment pattern and personality traits?

A

First five years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

After 5 years old, you enter school and-

A

Build upon the personality and adjustment patterns of your first 5 years of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

The basis of psychoanalysis =

A

Educated Guesses (Interpretations)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Is psychoanalysis used today?

A

Not often, because of how long and expensive it is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the 2 most important concepts from classic psychoanalysis?

A

Transference + Countertransference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Refers to unconscious feelings the PT has toward a healthcare worker that were originally felt toward a significant other =

A

Transference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

“You remind me of my sister” is an example of-

A

Transference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Can transference be positive or negative?

A

It can be either

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Does psychoanalysis encourage transference?

A

Yes, it helps understanding original relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Refers to unconscious feelings the healthcare worker has toward the PT =

A

Countertransference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Strong negative/ positive feelings toward a PT can be a red flag for-

A

Countertransference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are the tools of psychoanalysis?

A

Free Association
Dream Analysis
Defense Mechanism Recognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Interpreting the symbolic meanings in a PT’s dreams =

A

Dream Analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Actively encouraging a PT to freely share whatever words or thoughts come to mind to access the unconscious =

A

Free Association

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Assisting the PT in recognizing + subsequently changing the over-use of maladaptive defense mechanisms =

A

Defense Mechanism Recognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is the difference between traditional psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapy?

A

Psychodynamic uses the same tools as traditional psychoanalysis, but the therapist has increased involvement + interacts with the PT more freely.

Psychoanalysis is also targeted toward the here and now and is less about reconstructing the developmental origins of conflicts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Do insurance companies often reject covering for psychodynamic therapy because of its length of potentially up to 20 sessions?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Is psychodynamic therapy longer than most other common therapies?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Who are the best candidates for psychodynamic therapy?

A

Relatively healthy and well-functioning people that have a clear area of difficulty and are well-motivated for changw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What types of patients will not benefit from psychodynamic therapy?

A

PT’s with Psychosis, Severe Depression, Borderline Personality Disorders, and Severe Personality Disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Freud’s theory emphasizes-

A

The importance of early childhood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Developed a model for understanding psychiatric alterations that focused on interpersonal problems =

A

Harry Stack Sullivan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Believed that humans are driven by interaction =

A

Sullivan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Emphasized the importance of the early relationship with the primary caregiver or significant other =

A

Sullivan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Sullivan believed that the purpose of all behavior is to-

A

Get needs met through interpersonal interactions + avoid or reduce anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Coined the term Security Operations =

A

Sullivan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Describes the measures a person uses to reduce anxiety + enhance security =

A

Security Operations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Collectively, all Security Operations make up the-

A

Self-System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Interpersonal Therapy is-

A

An effective short-term therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What is the assumption behind interpersonal theory?

A

That psychiatric disorders are influenced by interpersonal interactions and the social context

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What is the goal of interpersonal therapy?

A

Reduce/ eliminate psychiatric symptoms (particularly depression) by improving interpersonal functioning + satisfaction with social relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Interpersonal therapy has been proven successful in the treatment of-

A

Major Depressive Disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

When the therapist identifies the nature of the mental problem to be resolved and then selects strategies consistent with that problem area =

A

Interpersonal Therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What types of problems respond well to interpersonal therapy?

A

Grief & Loss
Interpersonal Disputes (Problems with a significant other)
Role Transition (Problematic change in life status, or social/ vocational role)

71
Q

Developed 1st systematic theoretical framework for psychiatric nursing in her book “Interpersonal Relations in Nursing” =

A

Hildegard Peplau

72
Q

Established the foundation for the professional practice of psychiatric nursing =

A

Peplau

73
Q

1st nurse to identify psychiatric-mental health nursing as essential for general nursing & as a specialty area that embraces specific governing principles + 1st nurse theorist to describe the nurse-patient relationship as the foundation of nursing practice + Shifted focus from what nurses do to patients to what they do with patients =

A

Peplau

74
Q

Peplau’s theory mainly concerned itself with-

A

The process that nurses use to help PTs make positive changes in their healthcare status + well-being

75
Q

Peplau proposed an approach that puts nurses into a position of being both-

A

Participants + Observers in therapeutic conversations

76
Q

Peplau thought it was important to observe-

A

Both the PT’s behavior and your own behavior to keep the focus on the patient

77
Q

Applied Sullivan’s theory of anxiety to nursing =

A

Peplau

78
Q

Promoted interventions to help lower anxiety =

A

Peplau

79
Q

Described the effects of the different levels of anxiety (Mild, Moderate, Severe, Panic) =

A

Peplau

80
Q

Patricia Benner’s focus of nursing theory was-

A

Caring as foundation for nursing

81
Q

Dorothea Orem’s focus of nursing theory was-

A

The goal of PT’s self-care is integral to the practice of nursing

82
Q

Sister Calista Roy’s focus of nursing theory was-

A

Continual need for people to adapt physically, psychologically, and socially

83
Q

Betty Neuman’s focus of nursing theory was-

A

Impact of internal + external stressors on the equilibrium of the system

84
Q

Joyce Travelbee’s focus of nursing theory was-

A

Meaning in the nurse-patient relationship + the importance of communication

85
Q

Developed as a protest to Freud’s theory that a person’s destiny was carved into stone at an early age =

A

Behavioral therapy

86
Q

Hav no concerns with inner conflicts, argue that personality simply consists of learned behaviors =

A

Behaviorists

87
Q

According to behaviorists, if behavior changes-

A

Then so does personality

88
Q

Behaviorists believe that behavior can be influenced by-

A

Conditioning

89
Q

Pairing a condition that reinforces/ diminishes a behavior’s occurrence =

A

Conditioning

90
Q

Made the theory of Classical Conditioning =

A

Ivan Pavlov

91
Q

Classical conditioned responses are-

A

Involuntary

92
Q

A boy eats coleslaw, and becomes ill. Later in life, the boy feels ill whenever smelling coleslaw. This is an example of =

A

Classical Comditioning

93
Q

A dog hears a bell everytime before they eat food, every time they hear a bell now, their mouths start to water. This is an example of-

A

Classical Conditioning

94
Q

John B. Watson developed the thought of-

A

Behaviorism

95
Q

The belief that personality traits and responses (adaptive + maladaptive) were socially learned through classical conditioning =

A

Behaviorism

96
Q

B.F. Skinner researched-

A

Operant Conditioning

97
Q

A method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishment for voluntary behavior =

A

Operant Conditioning

98
Q

Reinforcement =

A

Causes a behavior to occur more or less frequently depending if it’s positive or negative

99
Q

Pulling a lever to get a food pellet or pulling a lever to make something unpleasant stop =

A

Positive Reinforcement

100
Q

If you pull a lever and you suddenly get hit with leg pain for five minutes, you’re not gonna wanna press it again (Probably). This is an example of-

A

Negative Reinforcement

101
Q

The absence of reinforcement. Decreasing a behavior by withholding a reward that has become habitual =

A

Extinction

102
Q

Assumes that changes in maladaptive behavior can occur without insight into the underlying cause =

A

Behavior Therapy

103
Q

When does behavioral therapy work best?

A

When it’s directed at specific problems + goals are well-defined

104
Q

What is behavioral therapy effective in treating?

A

People with phobias, alcohol use disorder, schizophrenia, etc.

105
Q

What are the 5 types of behavioral therapy?

A

Modeling, Operant Conditioning, Exposure & Response Prevention, Aversion Therapy, Biofeedback

106
Q

When the therapist provides a role model for specific identified behaviors, and the patient learns through imitation =

A

Modeling

107
Q

When using modeling, who can be the model?

A

It could be the therapist, it could be a filmed video model, etc.

108
Q

Can role-playing be utilized in modeling?

A

Yes

109
Q

The basis for behavior modification. Utilizes positive reinforcement when goals are achieved =

A

Operant Conditioning

110
Q

Operant conditioning helps improve the verbal behavior of children who are -

A

Mute, Autistic, and Developmentally Disabled

111
Q

Behavior modification helps increase levels of-

A

Self-care, social behavior, group participation, etc.

112
Q

Used for people who experience anxiety due to fears, phobias, or traumatic memories =

A

Exposure Therapy

113
Q

When you’re exposed to your fears overtime to get used to them =

A

Exposure Therapy

114
Q

What are the types of exposure in exposure therapy =

A

Virtual Reality Exposure, Vivo Exposure, Imaginal Exposure

115
Q

What is Vivo Exposure?

A

PT’s get exposed to their fears in a real-word setting

116
Q

Aversion Therapy is used to treat conditions and behaviors such as -

A

Alcohol use disorder
Paraphilic disorders (Unwanted sexual urges and stuff)
Shoplifting
Aggressive behavior
Self-mutilation

117
Q

When you pair a target behavior with a negative stimulus, to extinguish undesirable behavior =

A

Aversion Therapy

118
Q

Applying bitter substances on the fingernails of fingernail biters is an example of -

A

Aversion Therapy

119
Q

Is aversion therapy controversial because of a lack of research support?

A

Yup

120
Q

Is Biofeedback successfully used nowadays?

A

Ye

121
Q

What is biofeedback primarily used for?

A

Controlling the body’s physiological response to stress and anxiety

122
Q

When small portable devices and mobile applications record and provide people with a variety of feedback on physical responses and performance =

A

Biofeedback

123
Q

Behavior and health are closely linked.

True or false?

A

True

124
Q

While behaviorists focused on increasing, decreasing, or eliminating measurable behaviors, they did not focus on-

A

The thoughts, or cognitions, that were involved in those behaviors

125
Q

Cognitive theorists believe that-

A

Thoughts come before feelings and actions + Thoughts about the world and our place in it are based on our own unique perspectives (which may/ may not be based on reality)

126
Q

Developed rational-emotive therapy in 1955 =

A

Albert Ellis

127
Q

What’s the goal of Rational-Emotive Therapy?

A

To recognize thoughts that aren’t accurate, sensible, or useful

128
Q

What kinds of thoughts may not be accurate, sensible, or useful?

A

They tend to take the form of shoulds and musts (“I should always be happy” “I must be thin”)

129
Q

How does Ellis describe negative thinking?

A

They describe it as a A-B-C process

130
Q

A is for-

A

Activating Event

131
Q

B is for -

A

Beliefs about the event

132
Q

C is for-

A

Emotional Consequence as a result of the event

133
Q

F is for-

A

Friends who do stuff together, U is for you and me, N is for anywhere and any time at all down here in the deep blue sea!

F is for fire that burns down the whole town, Used for uranium bombs, N is for no survivors~!

134
Q

Perception influences all thoughts, influenced thoughts =

A

Influenced Behaviors

135
Q

Rational-Emotive Therapy is focused on -

A

Present attitudes, painful feelings, and dysfunctional behaviors

136
Q

Realized that depressed people thought differently than those who weren’t. They had patterns of negative + self-critical thinking that seemed to distort their ability to think + process info =

A

Aaron T. Beck

137
Q

To challenge the negative patterns of those with depression, Beck developed-

A

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

138
Q

CBT is based on both-

A

Cognitive psychology + Behavioral therapy

139
Q

The method of CBT has what kind of approach?

A

An Active, Directive, Time-Limited, Structured Approach

140
Q

CBT is an evidence-based therapy that’s used to treat things like-

A

Depression, anxiety, phobias, and pain

141
Q

According to Beck, people have-

A

Schemas

142
Q

When people have assumptions about themselves, others, and the world in general =

A

Schemas

143
Q

Are people typically aware of their own schemas?

A

No

144
Q

Rapid, unthinking responses based on schemas =

A

Automatic Thoughts

145
Q

Automatic thoughts are frequent in disorders like-

A

Depression + Anxiety

146
Q

Cognitive Distortions are a form of-

A

Automatic thought

147
Q

Automatic thoughts / cognitive distortions are -

A

Irrational + Lead to false assumptions & misinterpretations

148
Q

What’s a Columned Thought Record?

A

A particularly useful CBT technique

149
Q

Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) was developed in the 1990s to address-

A

Sexual abuse trauma in children

150
Q

TF-CBT was quickly expanded to address the needs of-

A

Victims of any severe trauma or abuse

151
Q

TF-CBT is usually short-term and lasts how many sessions?

A

12-16

152
Q

Developed Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) =

A

Marsha Linehan

153
Q

An integration of opposites =

A

A Dialectic

154
Q

Helps the PT to give up extreme positions =

A

DBT

155
Q

DBT was developed for people with intractable behavioral disorders involving-

A

Emotional Dysregulation

156
Q

DBT improves treatment for PT’s who are-

A

Chronically suicidal + self-injuring women with BPD

157
Q

Is DBT a long-term therapy?

A

Yes

158
Q

What are some things that DBT touches on?

A

Mindfulness, Distress Tolerance, Interpersonal Effectiveness, Emotional Regulation

159
Q

Is DBT helpful for helping treat depression, suicidal thoughts, hopelessness, anger, substance use, and dissociation?

A

Yes

160
Q

A biological model / medical model of mental illness assumes that abnormal behavior is the result of a-

A

Physical problem

161
Q

The Biological Model focuses on what kind’s of issues?

A

Neurological, Chemical, Biological, and Genetic Issues

162
Q

Targets the site of illness using drugs, diet, or surgery =

A

Biological Model

163
Q

Drug therapy =

A

Pharmacotherapy

164
Q

Chlorpromazine (Now called Thorazine) =

A

A powerful anti-psychotic

165
Q

Exerts differential effects on neurotransmitters + helps to restore brain function =

A

Psychotropic Meds

166
Q

The oldest brain stimulation therapy =

A

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

167
Q

Brain Stimulation Therapies can be used to treat not just psychiatric disorders, but can also be used to treat -

A

Other neurological disorders like Parkinson’s Disease, Epilepsy, and Pain Conditions

168
Q

ECT can treat disorders like-

A

Depression, Mania, Catatonia

169
Q

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) can treat-

A

Depression

170
Q

Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) can treat-

A

Depression

171
Q

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) can treat disorders like-

A

Depression & OCD

172
Q

Developed the Binet Intelligence Test =

A

Jean Piaget

173
Q

Concluded that cognitive development was a dynamic progression from primitive awareness and simple reflexes to complex thought and responses =

(I fucking despise this textbook so much. You know they could explain this shit less confusingly but nOooOoo, we just have to make this content sound super complicated for literally no reason with long ass words and shit. ; - ;)

A

Piaget

174
Q

I give up on the textbook 👍

A

Mental Health Exam 1 Flashcards (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions