Hand Fractures & Dislocations Flashcards by Ingo Budweg

What view is used for assessment of collateral avulsion F# at MCP jt?

Brewerton view

MPJ flexed at 65’, ulnar to rad 15’ angle

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What is view is used for metacarpal head>

Skyline metacarpal view

with MCP and PIP jt fully flexed, beam shot down shaft of PP

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How do you classify hand fractures?

Specific Bone & site
Pattern
Open/closed
intra/extra-articular
angulation
displacement
etiology

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Describe the salter harris classificatoin

for pediatric fractures adjacent to epiphyseal plates

1 = Physis
- Tx - Splint/Observe
2= Physis + metaphysis
- Tx = Closed reduction
3= Physis + Epiphysis (intra-articular)
- Tx = ORIF (moderate impact on growth)
4= Physis + Epiphysis + metaphysis (intra-articular)
- Tx= ORIF (moderate impact on growth)
5= Physis crush
- Tx =splint/observe (worst impact on growth)

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What are indications for ORIF of metacarpal and phalangeal fractures

failed closed reduction
intra-articular fracture
segmental bone loss
associated nerve/tendon, vessel damage
open fractures
Multiple Metacarpal fractures

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What are indications for non-operative treatment?

<45’ angulation D5 MC neck
<3-4mm shortening
<10’ lateral deviation
no rotation

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How do you manage a thumb METACARPAL FRACTURE

EPIBASAL = EXTRAARTICULAR
- <30’ angulation, splint
- >30’ angulation, CR (longitudinal traction, pressure on dorsal apex, pronate, Kwire to Trapezium
BENNETTS = INTRAARTICULAR F#-DISLOCATION
- dislocated proximal, radial, dorsal and supinates b/c of APL and AdP pull
- ulnar fragment stabilized by anterior volar oblique lig to Tm and D2base
- BENNETTS NEEDS OR
  - If <20% articular surface: CR w traction +pronation Kwire along shaft into Tm + D2 MC or 2kwire to D2MC. Thumb spica
  - If >20% of artic surface, ORIF w wagner incision, b/w APL thenar, 1lag screw (2 or 2.7mm) and ROM POD10, or 2kwire (0.035) 4wks
ROLANDO = INTRA-ARTICULAR COMMINUTED
- 3 piece F#: ORIF w 2.4/2.7mm T plate
- ++comminuted; banjo outrigger splint or ex fix

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How do you manage THUMB PHALANGEAL F#?

THUMB PP

>30’ angulation not accepted => IP extensor lag
CR and thumb spica
if unstable, Kwire, then ORIF

THUMB DP

as above

THUMB MALLET

as mallet fractures
- splint 6wks
- if <20% articular surface, splint
- if >20% articular surface, kwire extension blocking

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What are the five stabilizing ligaments of the CMC jt

Anterior (volar) oblique lig
Posterior oblique lig
Dorsoradial ig
Anterior Intermetacarpal ligament
Poserior intermetacarpal ligament

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how do you manage a CMC jt thumb dislocation?

Dislocation of thumb CMC is rare

Partial=>CR, stable on xray =>thumb spica 6wks
Complete=> unstable=> ORIF and volar beak lig recon w FCR

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How do you manage UCL injury

stabilizers of MCP jt is proper CL (dorsal) and accessory CL (volar)

UCL - partial = end pt, complete = no end pt

Acute partial - thumb spica 6wks
Acute complete -
- conservative - thumb spica 6wks
- Operative (large bone avulsion, <2mm displaced, stener lesion)
Chronic complete (>6wks)
- conservative - thumb spica 6wks
- Operative
  - Dynamic recon
  - Static recon
  - MCP arhrodesis

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Descrbie the operative intervnetions for acute complete vs chronic complete UCL injuries

INDICATIONS for operative intervention for acute UCL

>2mm displacement
sterner lesion
>10% of articular surface

ACUTE UCL (distal avulsion)

Dorsal ulmar lazy S incision, watch DRSN br!
Reflect adductor aponeurosis, incise capsule volar to EPL, ID UCL
Repair ligament (direct, mitek, kessler pull out suture)
Repair bone if large fragment (Kwire, pull out suture)
Repair ligament attachment to VP, dorsoulnar capsule, adductor aponeurosis
- +/- Kwire in ulnar deviation
- thumb spica 4wks then custom splint

CHRONIC UCL

Repair ligament
Dynamic recon
- EPB slip
- AdP advancement from sesamoid to PP base
Static recon (PL, 1/2FCR, APL tendon graft)
- debrice remaining UCL
- drill hole in PP base at 1 and 5o’clock (12 dorsal). Drill hole in radial MC head. Pass gaft through PP, then MC head and secure
- +/- Kwire in ulnar deviation, thumb spica
MCP arthodesis

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How do you manage MCP dislocation

DORSAL dislocation reducible >>>VOLAR (irreducible)

risk cnverting to complex dislocation
Dorsal - VP may interpose, FPL + thenar form noose around neck of MC
Volar - dorsal capsule/EPL may interpose

REDUCTION

NOT longitudinal traction
HYPEREXTENSION and puch PP base
splint MCPj fleion 20’ for 2wks hen AROM in extension Blockign splint

IF IRREDUCIBLE
- Open reduction - volar bruner, remove interposed tissue, reduce. If unstable, Kwire

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How do you manage METACARPAL HEAD fractures? D2-D5

xray view +/- brewerton (collateral avulsion F#), skyline (head F#)

Non-op

congruent joint, undisplaced

Operative indications

fight bite/open requiring I&D
>25% articular surfcae
>1-2mm articular step

Operative treatment

2piece - Kwire, minicondylar plate/screw, blade plate
comminuted - traction, cerclageslicone arthroplasty (delayed), ex-fix
contaminated - delay internal fixation

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What are complications of metacarpal head fractures>

avascular necrosis
stiffness
epiphyseal arest in kids
malunion non union

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How do you manamage METACARPAL NECK F#?

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Assessment

rotational deformity
pseudoclawing (PIP flexion and MCp hyperextension)
all dorsallly angulate b/c of IO

Non-op

CR with Jahss maneuver (MCP PIP flex 90, push drosal on PP and volar on MC), ulnar gutter 3wks

Operative indications

rotation post reduction
lateral displacement 10’
angulation D2 >10’, D3 20’, D4 30’ D5 40’
<50% bony apposition
shortening >3mm (2mm = 7 ‘ extensor lag)
extensor lag

Operative treatment

unstable post reduction =>Kwire
Kwire - crossed, intrameduallry bouquet, trasnverse to adjacent MC
Plate screw =>T/L shapped w 2screws in head 2 in shaft

List complcations for METACARPAL F# and treatment of complicaitions

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malunion (malrotation/angulation, shortening)
step-cut, opening/closing wedge osteotomy +/-BG
non-union
resect pseudoarthrosis, BG, plate fixation
tedon adhesions
PT/OT, tenolysis
Intrinsic contracture
intrinsic release

How do you manage a Baby Bennets

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Always operative
Closed reduction + Kwire fixation to D4 +/- hamate
ORIF if multiple CMC #/dislocation

What is a Baby Bennett’s?

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Fracture dislocation of D5 MC - look for D4 or hamate F# too
dorsal, proximal dislocation b/c of ECU pull
radial segment remains in place b/c intermetacarpal ligament

How do you manage METECARPAL SHAFT FRACTURE?

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issue is rotation =>5’ rotation causes 1.5cm digit overlap
Closed reduction if (Kwire in addition if unstable)
Angulation D5 >30’, D4 >20’, any angle D2,3
Shotening >2-5mm
Any rotation
ORIF if:
open F#, unstable F#
multiple #
spiral/oblique #
polytrauma (cant cooperate for physio/immoblization)
Fixation options
IM Kwire (PB)
cross/trasnverse/composite Kwire
plate (5hole, 2mm) (if multiple, trasnverse, mal/nonunion)
Lag screw
Exfix (bone loss, septic no union

How do you manage a segmental bone loss of MC?

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fixation to maintain legnth (ex fix, traction)
BG with ICBG when clean and fixate w plate

How do you manage NON_ARTICULAR PHALANGEAL FRACTURES of PP and MP?

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PP angulate volar
MP angulate dorsal if F# distal to FDS
MP angulate volar if F# proximal to FDS

Most non-op with EBS and buddy tape

OPERATIVE INDICATIONS

pediatric PP juxta-epiphyseal (neck) with 90-180’ rotation and interposed VP
angulation >25’
unstable

Undisplaced => EBS + buddy tape 7-10days, f/u q1-2wks to ensure no displacement

Displaced+stable post reduction => EBS 2wks, then EBS+buddy tape to flex 2wks. F/u q1wk

Displaced + unstable => CR + kwire or lag. Splint 3wks w early protected ROM. Kwire out at 4wks

Disaplced + comminuted =>exfix, ORIF plate/screw

How do you manage articular F# of the proximal phalanx head?

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LONDON CLASSIFICATION of PP head F#

unicondylar - transverse
- stable (b/c CL holds it)
- Tx: dorsal EBS, xray qwk
unicondylar - oblique
- ALWAYS UNSTABLE b/c CL unstable
- Tx: CR Kwire
- Or, ORIF - lag screw, 2kwire, blade plate
- Post-op early AROM, pins out at 4wks
bicondylar
- UNSTABLE
- Tx: if possible ORIF w plate. if not ossible b/c high comminution, immobilize 2wks or traction then AROM
- if condyle missing, costochondral graft from toe, arthroplasty, arthrodesis

How do you manage base of MIDDLE PHALANX fractures?

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Central slip (bony boutonniere)
- if <2mm displacement =>boutonniere splint 6wks
- if >2mm, ORIF w 2kwire in fragment and one kwire across joint
Collateral ligament
- if undisplaed =>EBS 14days then protected AROM
- displaced - ORIF
Pilon F#
- outigger traction that spans PIP
- if >50% articular suface, hemihamate

How do you manage DISTAL PHALANX F#

* Tuft - mallet splint 14days * Shaft * undisplaced - mallet splint 3wks * displaced - Stax splint 3wks +/\_ kwire * MALLET (dorsal base of DP) * CLASSIFICAION - DOYLE * 1 = closed, +/- F# * tx 6wks splint, then 2wks protected * 2 = open * tx -dermatotenodesis 6wks splint * 3 = open with loss of tendon/skin * local flap for skin, delayed tendon graft * 4A - epihyseal plate F# (seymour if interposed nail) * 4B - F# with 20-50% articular surface * Tx as above w stax splint * 4C - F# with \>50% articular surface * Tx with Extension block kwiring or ORIF w longitudinal kwire and bunnell button pull out

How do you manage MCP dislocations?

* Most commonly DORSAL dislocation * Classified as simple (subluxation) or complete/complex (VP interposition) * Do not use longitudinal traction - will tighten strctures around joint * D2 - Flexor ulnar, lumbrical radial * D5 - ADM FDM ulnar, flexor lumbircal radial * thenar +/- FPL TREATMENT * Simple - flex wrist, PUSH dorsal to volar on base of PP - once reduced, EBS and early ROM * Complex - PP will be HYPERETENDED, articular surfcae lying diretly no dorsum of MC b/c VP is on head * attempt reduction as for simple but will likely need Open reduction Volar approach - release A1, reduced VP, watch radial NV bundle stretched over head of MC Splint MCP at 30 for 2ks then DBS and AROM

How do you manage radial CL ruptures?

immobilize 3wks with 30' flexion then buddy tape 3wks If unstable at 6wks, ORIF

How do you manage PIP F# dislocations

_Hastings Classification of DORSAL PIP dislocations_ _Based on F# of MP base F# of VP_ * 1=\> \< 30% articular surface * DBS 3wks * 2=\> 30-50%, tenuous * if reducible in flexion, treat as above * 3=\> \>50%, unstable * ORIF, hemihamate, VP arthroplasty _Eaton-Littler Classification of DORSAL PIP dislocations_ _Based on similar to above_ * 1=\> hyperextension (aka subluxation - contact remains b/w dosal PP and MP base) * 2=\> dorsal dislocation (complete - base of MP does not have contact w articular surface of PP) * Tx for both 1/2 * DBS 2wks max and buddy tape, then continue w AROM * 3=\> F# dislocation * \<40% articular surfcae = stable=\> treat as 1/2 but 3wks of DBS * \>40% articular surfcae =\>unstable * DBS at 10' mroe flexion then where unstable. Active PIP flexion in splint and increase extension 10'/wk * Dynamic skeletal traction (#comminuted) * ORIF - shotgun approach, fixation 0.028 kwire, mini frag scew * Hemihamate autograft - dorsal distal hamate at 4/5 CMC artiulation, rotate 180 in 2planes, fix w 2-3 minifrag screws * VP arthroplasty * Extension block pinning - kwire placed through head of PP to block extension passed pt of subluxation *

How do you amnage CHRONIC DORSAL PIP dislocations

* Likely due to type 1 leading to swan neck deformity * SWAN NECK * Need to distinguish if its a VP laxity issue of extenor mechanism balance issue * hold PIP in extension and attempt to actively extend DIP * IF LAG of DIP= extensor issue * FDS tenodesis - sublimis sling - trasnsect radial proima lto PIP, wrap around A2 - becomes checkrein lig against hyperextension * Lateral band trasnposed volarly and scured in A3 pulley system * IF NO LAG - VP injury - repair VP

Hand Fractures & Dislocations Flashcards

(30 cards)