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History > harappan archaeology > Flashcards

harappan archaeology Flashcards

1
Q

why we called IVC - HARAPPAN cvilisation ?

A

first site discovered was - harappa

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2
Q

IVC AND HARAPPAN CIVILISATION DATES BACK TO -

A

C. 2600 BCE AND 1900 BCE

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3
Q

HARAPPAN CIVILISATION CAN BE DIVIDED INTO -

A

EARLY
MATURE AND LATE HARAPPAN

THESE HAVE THEIR OWN - SPECIALISED POTTERY AND CRAFTS.
AGRI AND PASTORALIM WAS POPULAR.

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4
Q

MATURE H. CULTURE DEVELOP IN SOME AREAS OF -

A

EARLY HARAPPAN SITES

HAVE similarities including - subsistence strategies

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5
Q

popular grains -

A

wheat, barley ,lentil, chickpea and sesame

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6
Q

millets have been found in

modi is from millets

A

gujrat

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7
Q

animals bones founded -

A

sheep , goat , buffalo, cattle and pig

archaeo zoologist - domestication of these animals
its not clear that IVC acquired them from another communities or hunted them

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8
Q

bones of wild animals -

A

boar , deer and gharial

fish and fowl also founded

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9
Q

teracotta models of plough

A
  • cholistan
  • banawali(haryana)
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10
Q

evidence of ploughed field -

A

kalibangam - rajasthan
has TWO SETS- 90 deg.
for two crops

early harappan levels

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11
Q
A
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12
Q

soil -most harappan lands

A

semi arid - need irrigation

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13
Q

water reservoirs

A

gujrat - dholavira

storage of water

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14
Q

traces of canals

A

shortugai - afganistan

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15
Q

mohenjodaro was divided into two sections -

A

smaller +higher[citadel]- mud brick[weatern] platform - physically separated from lower town
larger +lower[lower town]- also walled- [eastern]

  • prir planning
  • sun dried bricks
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16
Q

where citadel and lower town were fortified and separated by wall ?

A

dholavira
loathal

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17
Q

the citadel within —–was not walled off but built at a hight

A

loathal

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18
Q

drains -

A
  • planned
  • grid system - 90deg.
  • before construction of houses
  • every house one wall - drain
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19
Q

domestic architecture -

A
  • residential buidings - lower town
  • courtyard - centre of activities
  • no windows - privacy - ground wall
  • main entrance - don’t give direct view
  • houses with bathroom
  • staircase i second floor
  • room for passers
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20
Q

wells in mohenjodaro -

A

700

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21
Q

citadel -

A
  • warehouse- only lower brick portion remain
  • great bath
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22
Q

great bath -

A
  • rectangular tank
  • corridor form 4 sides
  • two flights of steps on north and south
  • watertight by bricks on edge-using mortr of gypsum
  • room on three sides - large well
  • water - flows to huge tank
  • kind ofspiritual bath
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23
Q

burials -

A
  • way of making [lined with bricks -some instance]
  • contained pottery and ornaments - afterlife
  • jewellery - both men and women
  • buried with copper and mirrors
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24
Q

burial of skull man -

A
  • three shell rings
  • jasper [semi precious stone]
  • micro beds

overall believed that-harappen don’t believe in burying precious metal

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25
Q

looking for’luxuries’

A

artifacts - 1. utilitarian and luxuries

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26
Q

faience ?

A

ground sand +silica +colour+gum and then fired

large settlement like - mohenjodaro

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27
Q

devoted to craft production -

A

chanhudaro

bead making,shellcutting,metal working,seal making and weight making

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28
Q

material used to make beads -

A

carnelian , jasper , crystal, copper ,gold etc

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29
Q

steatite ?

A
  • soft stone
  • staetite powder
30
Q

how did - carnelian got red colour

A

firing yellowish raw material and beads at different stages

31
Q

specilaised centres of making shell objects -

A

nageshwar and balakot

32
Q

beads centres at - mohenjodaro and harappan

A

chanhudaro and loathal

33
Q

identify centres of production -

A

a. raw material
b. waste material

34
Q
A
35
Q
A
35
Q

lapis lazuli -a blue precious stone

A

shortugai - afganistan

36
Q

copper metal

A

khetri - rajasthan

37
Q

south india

A

gold

38
Q

soth rajasthan+north gujrat

A

steatite

39
Q

cranelian centre

A

loathal - near baruch in gujrat

40
Q

what suggest terracotta

A

bullock cart - used for tranporation

41
Q

ganeshwara jodhpur culture - with its disnictive

A

non harappan pottery and unusual non harappan objects

42
Q

copper was probably procurred from

A

OMAN - south eastern tip[arabian peninsula]

43
Q

both omani and harappan artifact has -

A

nickle traces

44
Q

a harappan jar founded with -

A

thick layer of black clay - omani sites

45
Q

mesopotamian texts mention - contact region -

A

dilmum-island of bahrain
Magan and meluhha

46
Q

enigmatic script -

A

it was not alphabetical - where each sign stanads for a vowel or a consonant - b/w 375 and 400

written right to left

47
Q

weights -

A

stone - chert
regulated system
lower denominations - binary
higher denomination - decimal system

48
Q

ancient authority -

A
  • uniformity in seals,weights and bricks
  • complex decisions
49
Q

places and kings -

A

‘priest king’
mesopotamia - harappan - paralles
different assumptions-
no ruler
city - specific authority
a single ruling suthority

50
Q

when did most mature harappan sites were abandon ?

A
  • c. 1800 bce
  • cholistan abandon
  • few were occupies after = 1900 bce

expansion new settlement - gujrat , haryana and up -late harappan

51
Q

cotton presence founded through

A

indirect evidences

52
Q

problems of interpretation

A
  • religious- teracotta figure -headdresses’mother goddess’
  • cross legges yogic position - shiva
  • one horned animal - unicorn ‘
53
Q

fire altars founded in -

A

kalibangam and lothal

54
Q

1875

A

report of alexandar cunnigam ‘harappan seal’

55
Q

1921

A

MS VATS - EXCAVATION HARAPPAN

56
Q

1925

A

MOHENJODARO EXCAVATION

57
Q

1946

A

REM WHEELER - HARAPPAA

58
Q

1955

A

SR RAO - LOTHAL EXCAVATION

59
Q

1960

A

BB LAL AND BK THAPAR - KALIBANGAM - EXCAVATION

60
Q

1974

A

MR MUGHAL - BAHAWALPUR

61
Q

TEAM OF GERMAN AND ITALIAN - MOHENJODARO

A

1980

62
Q

AMERICANS IN HARAPPA

A

1986

63
Q

RS BISHT - EXCAVATION DHOLAVIRA

A

1990

64
Q

evidence of invasion - by john marshall [mohenjodaro and IVC -1931]

A
  • deadman lane - 3 to 6 feet -westward - askull and bones of thorax and upper arm -4ft 2inch.
  • 16 skeleton - ornaments - mohenjodaro - 1925
  • ## 1947 =REM Wheeler[DG]-rigveda
65
Q

rigveda mentions - “pur”-fort of stronghold - aryan war god called

A

“PURAMDARA

66
Q

who questioned massacre in mohenjodaro evidence -

A

grorge dales - 1960s

he said - skeleton did not belong to same period

67
Q

first DG of ASI

A

alaexandra cunningam - [6 century bce - 4 th century ce]

68
Q

who discovered harapppan seals in - 20 th c.

A

daya ram sahni

69
Q

who found seals in mohenjodaro ?

A

RAKHAL DAS BANERJEE

70
Q

JOHN MARSHALL - DG . WHEN ?

A

1924

  1. First professional archaeologist .
  2. stratiagraphy
71
Q

REM WHEELER

A
  • DG - 1944
  • FOLLOWED -stratiagraphy of the mound

History (8 decks)

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