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Harnessing Biology Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

What 5 steps are taken to select a particular feature in an organism?

A

1) Choose the individuals with the desired feature
2) Let only them reproduce
3) choose offsprings with that desired feature
4) Let those individuals reproduce
5) Repeat until a variety is produced with desired characteristic

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2
Q

Give examples of selective breeding in cows

A
  • Most milk
  • Produce more meat
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3
Q

Why do farmers use greenhouses to grow crops?

A
  • Artificial heating
  • Artificial lighting
  • Additional carbon dioxide in the air
  • Regular watering
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4
Q

What does the transparent material in greenhouses allow for?

A

Natural light which allows the effect of a ‘longer day’

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5
Q

What does burning fossil fuels do in greenhouses?

A
  • Raises internal temperature, when external temperature is too low
  • Produces carbon dioxide and water vapour
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6
Q

Why is water vapour needed in a greenhouse?

A
  • Maintains a moist atmosphere
  • Reduces water lost by transpiration
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7
Q

Organic fertilisers?

A

Made from faeces, straw and legumes such as clover

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8
Q

Inorganic fertiliser?

A

Compound formulated to yield a specific concentration of a particular ion

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9
Q

Disadvantages of organic fertilisers?

A
  • Slow acting
  • Bulkier
  • May contain pests
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10
Q

Advantages of organic fertilisers?

A
  • Improves soil structure
  • Greater range of minerals
  • Less cost to farmer
  • Releases minerals over a longer period of time
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11
Q

Disadvantages of inorganic fertilisers?

A
  • Can lead to eutrophication as fertiliser is insoluble
  • Requires regular reapplication
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12
Q

Advantages of inorganic fertilisers?

A
  • Fast acting
  • Contents known
  • Easy to apply
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13
Q

How are pests controlled?

A
  • Pesticides
  • Biological control
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14
Q

What do herbicides kill?

A

Plant pests

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15
Q

What do insecticides kill?

A

Insects

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16
Q

What do fungicides kill?

A

Fungi

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17
Q

What do molluscicides kill?

A

Molluscs (snails, slugs)

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18
Q

What controls whiteflies in a greenhouse?

A

A tiny parasitic wasp, encarsia

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19
Q

What is a feature of a biological pest?

Study These Flashcards
A

NEVER eradicates the pest, only REDUCES to a level of no economic damage

20
Q

Advantages of biological control?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Only one cost for inital intro
  • Pest specific
  • Pests will not become resistant
  • No effect on other animals
21
Q

Disadvantages for biological control?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Takes time to reduce pest population
  • Not all population can be killed
  • Expensive if re-populating is required
22
Q

Advantages of pesticides?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Reduces pest population instantly
  • Can kill whole population of pests
23
Q

Disadvantages of pesticides?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Cost
  • Not specific, will kill other animals
  • Pests can become resistant
24
Q

What is the anaerobic respiration equation in bread making?

Study These Flashcards
A

Glucose —> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide

25
Why are bubbles useful in bread making?
Carbon dioxide bubbles expand the dough, helping the rise
26
Why is high temperatures used in bread making?
So ethanol can evaporate out
27
What does the cooling jacket do in an industrial fermenter?
Removes heat energy, stopping fermenter overheating, and enzymes denaturing
28
What does the air filter do in an industrial fermenter?
Filters air coming in, maintaining sterile conditions
29
What do the stirred do in an industrial fermenter?
Keeps broth well stirred to oxygenate all the parts of the fermenter and prevents micro-organisms settling
30
What does the growth medium do in an industrial fermenter?
Contains all the necessary glucose, and amino acids for micro-organism growth
31
What does the super-heated steam do in an industrial fermenter?
Applied before fermenter is used, killing unwanted micro-organisms. Leaves water with no other residue
32
What bacteria is used in yogurt production?
Lactobacillus Bulgaricus
33
Why is milk pasteurised in yogurt making?
To kill bacteria
34
What temperature is the yogurt tainted at in the making process?
46°C
35
What does lactobacillus anaerobically respire to produce?
Lactic acid
36
What does the lactic acid do in yogurt making?
- Lowers pH, acing as a preservative - Coagulates the milk proteins - Gives texture and flavour
37
What are common species used for fish farming?
Salmon, and trout
38
What are the issues with putting several species in one pond in fish farming?
- Interspecific competition, species will compete for food and extinction - Predation, carnivorous species will pray on other fish
39
What are the issues with putting too many fish in on e pond?
- Intraspecific competition, Larger fish will compete with smaller - Infectious disease, Parasites and pathogens spread quicker
40
How does fish farming effect the environment?
Excess feed and waste cause eutrophication and a reduction in oxygen concentrations in water
41
What are the effects of deforestation?
- Leeching - Soil erosion - Evapotranspiration
42
What is leeching in deforestation?
Water is no longer taken up by plants, and can begin to 'run off' from the soil into rivers and lakes
43
What is soil erosion in deforestation?
Water run off may carry some of the top soil, causing water erosion. No plants in soil due to deforestation, therefore no roots holding soil in place
44
Why is top soil important?
Contains the most fertile, mineral ion rich materials
45
What is evapotranspiration in deforestation?
Process which water is transferred fro the land to the atmosphere by evaporation from the soil and other surfaces and by transpiration from plants, leading to droughts

Biology (23 decks)

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