Harvesting Chemical Energy

Question 1

ATP

Answer 1

Energy currency that acts as a mediator of transfer of energy between anabolic and catabolic reactions - Triphosphate

Question 2

ADP

Answer 2

DIphosphate

Question 3

AMP

Answer 3

Monophosphate

Question 4

What Fuels generate ATP

Answer 4

1. Carbohydrates
2. Protien
3. Fats

Question 5

ATP cycle

Answer 5

Breaking phosphate groups releases energy

Question 6

Fate of Glucose

Answer 6

Glucose enters blood via insulin to be stored as glycogen or for cellular respiration

Question 7

Complex Protiens 1,2,3,4

Answer 7

Assist in transfer of electrons by sitting on inner membrane of mitochondira

Question 8

Complex protiens 1, 3 , 4 a

Answer 8

Transmembrane (Fully span) protein pumps that transfer hydrogen ions from mitochondira into inter membrane space - NADH is oxidised along here

Question 9

Complex protien 2

Answer 9

Peripheral protein (Partially embedded) - Isn’t a pump protien as it’s only partially embedded but FADH2 starts oxidation here

Question 10

What happens in Glycolosis

Answer 10

6 carbon chain of glucose is broken into two 3 carbon pyruvate acids using up 2 ATP in the process - Occurs in cytosol

Question 11

Glycolosis products

Answer 11

2ATP
2NADH (Electron donor)

Question 12

Glycolosis phosphoration type

Answer 12

Substrate phosphorylation - no oxygen is needed

Question 13

What happens in Pyruvate oxidation

Answer 13

Coenzyme A is used to remove a carbon from the pyruvate acid to form into Acetyl CoA and enter mitochondria - CO2 is lost

Question 14

Pyruvate oxidation products

Answer 14

No ATP
2 NADH per glucose

Question 15

Pyruvate oxidation phosphorylation type

Answer 15

Oxidative phosphorylation - Oxygen is required

Question 16

What happens in Citric Acid Cycle

Answer 16

Acetyl CoA releases CO2 which produces many products completing the extraction of energy from glucose - Occurs in mitochondria matrix

Question 17

Citric acid cycle phosphorylation type

Answer 17

Substrate phosphorylation - Oxygen needed

Question 18

Products of citric acid cycle

Answer 18

Per glucose:

2ATP
6NADH (Proton donor)
2FADH (Proton donor)
4CO2

Question 19

Citric acid cycle intermediate

Answer 19

A molecule formed that further reacts to give products are used in metabolic pathways - series of reactants

Question 20

Substrate phosphorylation

Answer 20

ATP formed by direct transfer of phosphate to ADP

Question 21

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 21

ATP formed from oxidation of NADH and FADH2, and pumping of protons

Question 22

What happens in the Electron Transport Chain

Answer 22

NADH and FADH2 are oxidised to donate electrons across the complex protiens enabling hydrogen ions to be pumped into intermembrane space

Question 23

Complez 4 with oxygen

Answer 23

Oxygen pulls electron along the chain until complex 4 where it’s the final electron acceptor

Question 24

What happens in chemiosmosis

Answer 24

The plentiful hydrogen ions from oxidation of NADH and FADH2, follow concentration gradient down which activates ATP synthase turbine phosphoralising ADP into ATP

Question 25

Products of electron transfer chain and chemiosmosis

Answer 25

26/28 ATP per glucose

Question 26

Electrin transfer chain and chemiosmosis phosphorylation type

Answer 26

Oxidative phosphorylation - Requires oxygen

Question 27

Homeostasis

Answer 27

Maintaining internal and external enviroment in stable conditions

Question 28

Insulin

Answer 28

Formed from beta cells and promote glucose uptake for ATP

Question 29

Glucagon

Answer 29

Formed from alpha cells abd breakdown glycogen into glucose for increased blood sugar

Question 30

Type 1 diabetes

Answer 30

Destroyed Beta cells

Question 31

Type 2 Diabetes

Answer 31

Insulin resistance due to non functional receptors

Question 32

Phosphofruktokinase

Answer 32

Enzyme that rate limiting of glycolysis