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gcse geog > hazards > Flashcards

hazards Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

hydrometeorological vs geological hazards

A

hydro : caused by weather or water

geo : movement in crust

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2
Q

why might someone live in hazardous areas

A

they enjoy the area and take the risk
volcanoes provide geothermal power e.g in iceland 27% of electricity comes from geothermal power
tourism benefits e.g mount etna in italy
no knowledge
no other choice
fertile soil

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3
Q

4 factors that affect the risk of hazards

A

urbanisation - denser
poverty - unstable buildings
farming - attracted to fertile soils
climate change - more extreme weather

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4
Q

how are earthquakes distributed

A

on plate boundaries

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5
Q

how do conservative plate boundaries cause earthquakes and an example

A

• friction causes consistent, minor earthquakes
• become “locked” by objects in ground
• pressure builds and convection currents continue to apply force
• pressure releases, seismic waves sent through crust

san andreas fault

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6
Q

how do constructive plate boundaries cause hazards with example

A

• magma rises to fill gap between plates as lava
• lava forms basalt
• shield volcanoes form, huges ridges
• magmas continues to crack through

mid atlantic ridge

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7
Q

how do destructive plate boundaries cause hazards with example

A

• cont and ocean plate converge
• ocean plate is denser and heavier so is subducted into oceanic trench
• friction melts plate to magma
• magma less dense than solid rock so rises through cont plate

nazca plate & south american plate

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8
Q

how can risk of hazards be reduced

A

monitoring -seismometers
prediction - seismometers/historical records
protection - building protection & sea walls
planning - evacuation drills, mapping to identify low risk areas to build higher-value buildings, and high risk areas to plan evacuation routes

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9
Q

how can we predict earthquakes and disadvantage

A

seisometers to monitor tremors and find out where they will happen

difficult to find out when

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10
Q

three ways we improve buildings to keep safe from earthquakes

A

• rubber shock absorbers in foundation
• steel frames that sway
• open areas outside for evacuation

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11
Q

how do we prepare for earthquakes

A

earthquake drills to reduce affect and increase survival
stockpile supplies

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12
Q

what conditions are needed to form a tropical storm

A

sea at least 27°
coriolis effect
unstable conditions in equitorial regions
light wind shear

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13
Q

6 steps on how tropical storms form

A

ECEPL
• conditions required occur
• rapid rates of evaporation transfer huge quantities of warm water vapour rapidly into air
• cool and condenses into towering thunderstorm clouds. several join to form tropical storm
• eye develops where air descends rapidly. eye wall forms around and is where strongest winds and heaviest rain are felt
• prevailing winds carry storm across ocean and the storm gathers more strength
• land slows and weakens storm due to friction

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14
Q

where are tropical storms called hurricanes

A

usa and caribbean

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15
Q

where do they call tropical storms typhoons

A

japan and philippines

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16
Q

where do they call tropical storms cyclones

A

se asia, aus and africa

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17
Q

when was cyclone idai

A

14-15 march 2019

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18
Q

when was cyclone idai

A

14-15 march 2019

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19
Q

where did cyclone idai make landfall and what countries were affected

A

landfall: beira in mozambique

affected: mozam, zimb, malaw, madag

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20
Q

what was cylcone idai’s:
category
wind speed
storm surge
rainfall

A

catergory: 2
wind speed: 180 km/h
storm surge: 4m
rainfall: 600mm

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21
Q

brief description of cyclone idai’s track

A

formed: near west coast of madagascar in mozambique channel
travelled southwest
landfall in beira
turn north west into zimbabwe

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22
Q

cyclone idai primary impacts

A

1300 initial deaths
3 000 000 affected
17 hospitals destroyed
90% beira destroyed
agricultural fields destroyed in malawi

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23
Q

cyclone idai secondary impacts

Study These Flashcards
A
  • over 700 000 ha of crops destroyed
  • over 4000 cholera cases 1 month later
  • -3000km^2 floods up to 6m deep in moz and zimb, block roads & farm
  • heavy rain created mudslides, hampering rescues
24
Q

cyclone idai short term responses

Study These Flashcards
A
  • 140 evac centres for 125 000
  • WHO provided 900 000 cholera vaccinations
  • rescue teams rescued those stranded of roofs
25
cyclone idai long term responses
- 66 permanent settlements made for 90 000 survivors - improvements to early warning system - $282 million donated by UN - WASH helped limit spread of disease in beira
26
how can you track tropical storms
satellite photography
27
one proof of heat in uk becoming extreme
2003 in kent - record high. 2000+ died, railways buckled and roads melted 2019 in cambridge - record beaten
28
proof of extreme weather - flood
2013 - 14 , wettest winter in 250 years
29
30
4 methods of measuring climate change
ice cores shrinking glaciers rising sea level seasonal changes
31
how can you use ice cores to measure temp change and how accurate
drill deep into ice, as it traps carbon molecules. more molecules = warmer very accurate
32
how do you measure temperature change with shrinking glaciers and how effective
satellite images to record changes in size. thinned by 65% since 1975 accurate
33
how can sea level show temp change and how accurate
melting glaciers and thermal expansion rises sea level rose 3.2 mm per year 1993-2015 accurate
34
how can we use seasonal changes to measure temperature change and how accurate
track animal migration, blossoming and weather advancing by 2 days per year not as convincing, hard to track
35
5 natural causes of climate change
precession axial tilt eccentricity solar activity / sun spots volcanic activity
36
describe precession
natural wobble complete cycle takes 26000 years northern norway experiences long days and nights in parts of year
37
describe eccentricity
uneven path of earth rotation not fixed, changes from circular to mildly elliptical every 100 000 years
38
describe axial tilt
angle of tilt changes between two extremes, 21.5 and 24.5 every 41000 years more angled toward the sun, nothern hemisphere warms, where most population is
39
describe how volcanic activity affects climate change
blasts huge quantities of ash, gas and liquids into atmosphere blocks sun, short term reduction in surface temps, “volcanic winter”
40
what is the green house effect
co2 and methane absorb and trap heat
41
what is the enhanced greenhouse effect
acceleration of natural climate change by humans
42
how does deforestation cause climate change
accounts for 20% of emissions. releases carbon stored during photosynthesis
43
three human factors of climate change
fossil fuels deforestation agriculture
44
how does agriculture contribute to greenhouse gases
• accounts for 30% emissions livestock release methane as burps • anaerobic decomposition in paddy rice cultivation accounts for up to 20% total methane human emissions • 75% all nitrous oxide comes from manure and fertilisers
45
whats the word for when you want to say something was man made
anthropogenic
46
what is mitigation
stop climate change from happening
47
what is adaptation
adjustments to our lives and changes take place
48
three mitigation strategies
carbon capture planting trees international agreements
49
how does carbon capture work
• capture co2 from burning fossil fuels • co2 is then compressed & piped • then injected underground for long term storage in geological reservoirs
50
how does planting trees effective mitigation
carbon sink • remove co2 through photosynthesis • release moisture, cloud reduces incoming solar radiation
51
how do international agreements help mitigation
legally binding “paris agreement” 2016 limit temperature increase to 15° above pre industrial levels
52
how does alternative energy sources promote mitigation
hep, wind, solar, nuclear, tide low carbon alternatives by 2030, uk aims to get 65% energy from renewable energy stores
53
ways we can adapt to climate change
change in agricultural systems managing water supply reduce risk from rising sea
54
how can we change agricultural systems to adapt to climate change
* storing and efficiently irrigating water * drought resistant crops
55
how can we manage water supply to adapt to climate change
- tranfer water from areas with surplus to areas with deficit - construct reservoirs to store water
56
how can we reduce the risk of rising sea levels
- sea wall - stilts

gcse geog (8 decks)

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