Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Geography(my Version) > Hazards > Flashcards

Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

Define natural hazards

A

Evens that are perceived to be a threat to people, the built environment and natural environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many categories of hazards are there ?

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

List all categories of hazards and outline them

A

Geophysical- caused by earths processes

Hydrological- causes by the occurrence of movement and distribution of surfaces and underground water

Atmospheric- process operating in the atmosphere resulting in extremes weather or atmospheric conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Give an example of a atmospheric hazard

A

Tropical storm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

List an example of a hydrological hazard

A

Flood or mud flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two types of geophysical hazards called ?

A

Tectonic

Geomorphological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

List as many hazards as possible

A

Flood

Hurricane

Landslide

Thunderstorm

Wildfire

Tsunami

Earthquake

Drought

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define a natural disaster

A

A natural occurring process or event which has the potential to cause loss of life or property

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 4 factors that the UN use to call it a “natural disaster”

A

10 plus people are killed

100 plus people are affected

A state of emergency is declared

International assistance is called for

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are some factors which impacts people vulnerability to hazards

A

Wealth of people

Technical ability of county

Education levels

Rural location

Age of population

Urban location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do you calculate risk

A

Risk(R)=
frequency or magnitude of hazard(H) x vulnerability(V) divided by

Capacity to cope or adapt(c)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Outline fatalism

A

an optomistic or accepting approach, where people may believe that hazard are part of life or acts of god

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Outline domination

A

this perspective suggests that hazards are predictable and that they can be better understood by scientists reasearch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
A

this perspective takes the view that hazards are influenced by natural and human events and so we can change out lives to reduce the impacts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the risk management cycle

A

The risk management cycle outlines the strategies that can be taken at each stage
Management strategies can be used to reduce damage of current and future hazards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 4 parts of the risk management cycle ?

A

Preparedness

Response

Recovery

Prevention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the park model

A

The park model describes a sequence of phases following such an event

It refers to the strategies and approaches taken to being ‘back to normal’ after a disaster.
These methods span from immediate relief to providing temporary housing to reconstructing after the damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the 5 key phases of the park phases

A

Pre disaster(normality)

Disruption(hazard event and immediate impact)

Relief( emergency responses)

Rehabilitation(short term recovery)

Reconstruction(long term recovery)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Outline the two crusts

A

Continental crust- earths crust which is found under the continents

Oceanic crust- earths crust which is found under the oceans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the 4 things which make up the earth core
Inner core Outer core Mantel Crust
26
List 4 facts about the inner core
Radius of 1200km Temperatures of above 6000 degrees Consist of iron + nickel Solid dense ball of metal
27
List 4 facts about the outer core
Temp is between 4000- 5000 degrees c Radius of 2200km Compound of iron + nickel Moves around the inner core, creating a magnetic field
28
List four facts about the mantle
Radius of 2900km Temperature= 3000 degrees Celsius Convection currents occur Makes up 84% of earths volume
29
How many types of crust is there ?
Two types- oceanic and continental
30
Facts about oceanic crust
Composed of basalt and gabbio 6km thick Found under oceans
31
List facts about continental crust
Composed of granite 35km thick Found under Found under land masses Thicker, older and less dense
32
What is slab pull
Occurs at the destructive plate boundary Dense oceanic plate is subducted As the plate sinks into the mantle, the rest of the plate follows
33
What are conventions currents ?
Hot magma rises and spreads out under the plates As it cools it becomes denser and sinks
34
What is ridge push ?
Also known as gravitational sliding Occurs at constructive plate boundaries Magma rises up and solidifies, creating new plate and pushing old plate apart
35
List features of the continental crust
Thickness= 30-70km(thicker) Less dense Composed of granite Up to 4 billion years old Forms at destructive plate boundaries Not easily destroyed
36
List features of the Oceanic crust
5-10km thick(thinner) More dense Composed Manily composed of basalt (Around 200 million years old) Forms at mid ocean ridges Recycled at subduction zones
37
How many types of plate boundaries are there ?
3
38
List all types of boundary’s
Destructive boundary Constructive boundary Conservative boundary Collision boundary
39
Describe what happens at destructive boundaries
1) two plates are pushed together and the heavier oceanic crusts gets subductedd beneath the lighter continental crust 2. The oceanic plate sticks and locks as it tries to slide under the continental plate 3)Heat from friction and the mantle starts to melt the subducted plate
40
Describe what happens at constructive boundary’s
1. Two plates move apart from each other 2. A gap appears and molten magma rises to fill the gap 3. This solidifies to create new rocks on the sea bed 4. Over time the layers of new rocks build up and break through the surface of the ocean
41
Describe what happens at conservative boundaries
1. The two plates are sliding in the same direction. However the pacific plate is moving faster 2. As the plates slide past each other they snag 3. Pressure and tension builds up as the plates lock together 4. Eventually the plates break causing a sudden surge forwards
42
Describe what happens at collision boundaries
1. Two continental plates crash into each other 2. As they collide they trigger earth quakes 3. The rocks between the plates get pushed up and fol
43
List all landforms at constructive margins
Sea floor spreading Rift valley
44
List all landforms at destructive margins
Deep sea trench Island arch’s
45
What landforms are found at collisions margins
Young fold mountains
46
What landforms are found at conservative margins ?
Fault lines
47
What happens to create sea floor spreading ?
2 plates move away from each other Molten magma rises, creating new crust Submarine volcanoes can form e,g mid Atlantic ridge
48
What happens to create rift valleys ?
2 plates moves away from each pother Molten magma rises creating new crust E,g great African rift valley
49
What happens to form deep sea trenches ?
Continental and oceanic plates meet Oceanic plate is subducted underneath E,g Mariana Trench
50
What occurs to allow for island arch’s to form ?
Magma pushes up from the trenches creating a volcano The magma solidifies creating an island E.g the carribbean
51
What happens to allow a young fold mountain to form ?
Continetial plates meet Both plates push upwards E.g Himalayas
52
What happens to create fault lines ?
Two plates move Parallel to each other Crust is neither created nor destroyed E.g San Andreas fault, California
53
What is magma ?
Molten rock below the surface
54
What is lava ?
Molten rock above the surface
55
What are extrusives ?
When lava and other materials reach the surface
56
What are intrusives
Material that are injected into the crust
57
What is igneous rocks ?
Rocks formed from cooled magma
58
What is pyroclastic material ?
Material ejected from the volcano in fragmented form
59
What is a fissure eruption and is it constructive or destructive
Constructive This occurs when 2 plates moves away apart Lava is ejected through fissures Normally comprised of basalt The slow cooling of the lava produces columnar jointing Lava fills up hollows rather than creating a dome shape E,g giants causeway in Northern Ireland
60
How is a shield volcano formed and is constructive or destructive ?
Constructive Lava flows from a central vent Lava spreads over a large area before solidifying Results in a cone with long, gentle sides Volcano is made up of many layers E,g Mauna Loa, Hawaii
61
How is an ash and cinder cone formed and is destructive or constructive ?
Destructive Fine ash and cinder is ejected from a central vent Layers of ash and cinder build up Shallow sided concave sides Volcano is made up of many layers E.g mt Etna
62
How is a caldera volcano formed and is it destructive or constructive ?
Destructive Gas builds up in the magma chamber causing an explosion The sides of the crater subside Craters can be flooded by the sea, creating lagoons
63
Define volcano
vents in the earths crust through which lava, tephra and gases erupt
64
65
Explain what magma plumes are and what they do ?
Radioactive decay in the earths core heats the lower mantle, creating plumes of magma with thermal currents These currents can causes plates to move or may burn the lithosphere, creating a hot spot volcano The hot sport stays fixed whilst the plate above moves, creating a chain of extinction volcanoes Bends in the chain can show plate movement
66
What are the classification of volcanoes known as ?
Active Dormant Extinct
67
What is an active volcano ?
A volcano that has erupted in living memory Mt, Etna, Italy
68
What is a dormant volcano ?
A volcano that has erupted within historic record Mt Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
69
What is an extinct volcano ?
A volcano that will not erupt again E.g Ben Nevis Scotland
70
What are some characteristics of pyroclastic flows ?
of hot rock, lava, ash and gases More common with andesitic lava Often occur at subduction zones Move at around 200m/s Can travel large distances Temperatures of 350 degrees c- 1000 degrees c
71
What impacts do pyroclastic flows cause ?
Knocks down, buries or carries away and object or structure in its path Ice and snow can melt due to extreme temperatures Extreme temperatures of rocks and gases can ignite fires Ice and snow can melt due to extreme temperatures Risk of serious burns Can causes flood and lahars
72
What is a nuee ardente
Means ‘glowing cloud’ Contain more denser material Are normally only found 50km from source
73
What is tephra ?
Rock fragments ejected during an eruption Large fragments land close to source Small fragments(ash) can travel great distances Ash can cause breathing difficulties, block sunlight and alter temperatures
74
What are the impacts of nuee ardente and tephra
Endangers aviation and infrastructure Damages crops Can cause health problems to humans and animals
75
What is a lava flow ?
Lava flows down the side volcano Slow flow rate allows for evacuation Will destroy anything it passes over Low viscosity lava travels at 10km/h and may cover hundreds of kilometres
76
What are the impacts of lava flows ?
Knocks over, surrounds, buries or ignites anything in its path Can trigger lahar Can cause water to evaporate immediately create in a molten showe Can cause methane gas build(from vegetation) creating explosions
77
What are “gases” and acid rain ?
Co2 and so2 are releases upon eruption Can cause breathing difficulties and harm wildlife Gases react with water vapour creating acid rain Damages ecosystems and infrastructure
78
What impacts do “gases” and acid rain cause ?
Acid rain can poison water supplies Gases can cause headaches, dizziness and difficulty breathing as well as being irritants Gases can cause death Gas can gather in hollows(due to density) creating a unseen hazard Gases can create aerosols in the atmosphere that cool the earth
79
What are mudflows/ lahars
Ash and volcanic material mix with water Commonly occurs in glaciated areas due to rapid melting of the ice Flows at speeds up to 60km/h Can be highly erosive Will engulf anything they pass over
80
What are the impacts of mudflows/ lahars ?
Crushes, abrades, buries or carries away anything in its path Ice Can melt snow and ice Destroys bridges and roads Can silt up river causing future flooding events Can cause flooding Can trap people in hazardous areas
81

Geography(my Version) (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions