hazards

Question 1

what is a natural hazard?

Answer 1

an event which threatens both life and property

Question 2

what is the adaptation ideology?

Answer 2

when people adjust how they live to reduce hazard vulnerability

Question 3

what is the fatalism ideology?

Answer 3

the idea people cannot influence hazards or the outcome hence no measures are taken

Question 4

give 4 reasons why people live near hazards

Answer 4

1. hazards are unpredictable
2. lack of alternatives due to socio-economic and political factors
3. changing levels of risk
4. environmental benefits such as fertile soil and climate

Question 5

give 4 ways perceptions of hazards could be changed

Answer 5

1. level of education
2. religion / culture
3. socio-economic status
4. employment status

Question 6

what is the fear ideology towards hazards?

Answer 6

that people have become so vulnerable they move away

Question 7

what is integrated risk management?

Answer 7

using socio-economic and political factors to measure damage acceptability and how to minimise damage

Question 8

what are the 3 ways hazards can be managed?

Answer 8

1. prediction
2. prevention
3. protection / mitigation

Question 9

what does prediction involve?

Answer 9

using monitoring systems to reduce vulnerability

Question 10

what does prevention involve?

Answer 10

very little as mitigation is more realistic for natural hazards

Question 11

what does protection/mitigation involve?

Answer 11

modifying the infrastructure of an area at risk as well as implementing action plans to ensure communial readiness

Question 12

what does the disaster management cycle illustrate?

Answer 12

the reaction and recovery of an area after a natural event as well as future preventitive actions

Question 13

what does the park model illustrate?

Answer 13

the quality of life decline and recovery after a natural event

Question 14

what are the 3 stages of the park model?

Answer 14

1. relief
2. rehabilitation
3. reconstruction

Question 15

what are the 2 meanings of distribution for a hazard?

Answer 15

1. the spacial cover of a hazard
2. where hazards are likely to occur

Question 16

give 3 facts about the core

Answer 16

1. made of dense iron and nickel alloy
2. outer core is molten (5000 degrees)
3. 5100km deep

Question 17

what is primordial heat?

Answer 17

heat remaining from the earths formation

Question 18

what is radiogenic heat?

Answer 18

heat from decaying isotopes

Question 19

what 2 ways heats the core?

Answer 19

1. primordial heat
2. radiogenic heat

Question 20

give 3 facts about the mantle

Answer 20

1. the thickest layer
2. 2900km deep
3. made up of molten and semi molten rock

Question 21

what is the athenosphere?

Answer 21

the fluid, upper part of the mantle which the lithosphere sits on

Question 22

give 4 facts about continental crust

Answer 22

1. 30-70 km deep
2. 1500m + years old
3. 2.6 density
4. composed of granite, alluminium, silicon and oxygen

Question 23

give 4 facts about oceanic crust

Answer 23

1. 6-10km deep
2. less than 200m years old
3. 3.0 density
4. composed of basalt, silicon, magnesium and oxygen

Question 24

what is paleomagnetism?

Answer 24

a record of the earths magnetic field preserved in magnetic minerals

Question 25

what does the plate tectonic theory state?

Answer 25

the theory the earth is made up of 7 rigid plates which all move

Question 26

who discovered the Pangea theory?

Answer 26

Alfred Wegener

Question 27

what is Pangea?

Answer 27

a theory of a supercontinent 300 million years ago

Question 28

how did pangea split?

Answer 28

through continental drift

Question 29

what is a plume?

Answer 29

a hot column of magma that arises from deep in the earth

Question 30

what is a rift valley?

Answer 30

a long deep valley found at a fault line

Question 31

what is a fault line?

Answer 31

a crack in the earth caused by tectonic movement

Question 32

what is sea floor spreading?

Answer 32

the theory that the ocean floor is moving away from the mid oceanic ridge

Question 33

what is a mid oceanic ridge?

Answer 33

an underwater mountain range where the crust is activiely spreading apart | formed via plate tectonics

Question 34

give 3 pieces of geological evidence for continental drift

Answer 34

1. jigsaw fit between continents e.g South America and West Africa 2. similar glacial deposits in sotuh africa, india and antartica 3. similar rock sequences in north scotland and east canada

Question 35

give 2 biological reasons for continental drift

Answer 35

1. fossils in india are similar to those in Australia 2. identical plant fossils in india and antartica

Question 36

what is the lithosphere?

Answer 36

the combination of the crust and upper mantles

Question 37

what does the plate tectonic theory suggest? | lithosphere and athenosphere

Answer 37

the lithosphere can slide over the athenosphere to create plate movement

Question 38

what occurs to counteract sea floor spreading?

Answer 38

subduction in ocean trenches to destroy crust

Question 39

what are convection currents?

Answer 39

heat driven cycles which support the movement of lithospheric plates | as well as causes ridge push and slab pull

Question 40

what is ridge push?

Answer 40

at constructive plate boundaries, oceanic ridges create a denser lithosphere, causing it to slide on the sloped athenosphere through gravity.