contempary urban environments Flashcards
(146 cards)
1
Q
define urbanisation
A
the increase in proportion of people who live in urban environments.
2
Q
give 3 reasons why London is important
A
- Centre for political power
- Social and cultural hubs
- Economic centre e.g canary wharf
3
Q
give 3 pull causes of urban growth
A
- higher quality of healthcare
- higher supply of leisure activities.
- more accessible food
4
Q
what are the 3 main factors of urban growth?
A
- natural population growth
- industrialisation
- rural-urban migration
5
Q
give 3 push factors resulting in urban growth
A
- lower wages
- poor living facilities
- poor health and education services
6
Q
what is a mega city?
A
a city with a population of over 10 million
7
Q
how many megacities were there in 1950?
how many megacities are there today?
A
2 (Tokyo, Nyc)
30
8
Q
in 2000, what % of megacities were in developing countries?
A
75%
9
Q
what is a world city?
A
a city with political and financial influence over the world e.g Sydney.
10
Q
give 3 factors of a megacity
A
- High global trade
- international transport links
- multiple universities.
11
Q
give 3 features of an urban area
A
- green space
- good transport links
primarily housing
12
Q
what is a green belt?
A
rings of green space where building isnt permitted
13
Q
name 3 effects of suburbanisation
A
- inner city is declining
- increased traffic congestion in suburbs
- between 2006 and 2012 22,000 hectacres of green space was lost in UK
14
Q
give 4 effects of counterurbanisation
A
- decrease in urban population
- decrease in traffic congestion
- expansion of transport links to rural areas
- investment in rural areas
15
Q
define deindustrialisation
A
the loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector
16
Q
what is an urban regeneration policy?
A
where money is investment is put into previously run down urban areas
17
Q
what are QUANGO incentives for regeneration policies?
A
where the government give incentives to local bodies to get involved in decision making e.g monetary and bonuses
18
Q
give 3 reasons for urban resurgence
A
- gentrification
- property led regeneration schemes
- sustainable communities
19
Q
what are 3 ways to improve a city
A
- convert industrial buildings to houses and offices
- integrate transport
- reduce crime rate
20
Q
define the multiplier effect
A
- as more people are attracted to urban areas, this will develop improvements and economic investment to the city
21
Q
define gentrification
A
the renovation of previously run down properties
22
Q
what is a pre-industrial city?
A
a city which has largely been unaffected by industrialisation and contains many historic buildings
23
Q
what is a modern city?
A
a city which has been largely affected by industrialisation and has an industrial zone dominated by 1 particular land use
24
Q
what is a post industrial city?
A
a more chaotic, looser structure city with many zones including high tech and suburban
25
what is urban form?
the physical characteristics that make up a city including size and shape, population density and how the city is arranged.
26
what 3 factors caused deindustrialisation?
1. mechanisation
2. competiton from foreign countrys in the industry
3. demand (reduced due to tech and resource development)
27
what is decentralisation?
the movement of something from the inner city to further out
28
why did the industrial industry decentralise?
due to the lack of space and suitable land
29
what industrys rose in place of the industrial industry?
the tertiary and quaternary sectors.
30
what 4 factors fueld the rise of the tertiary and quaternary industrys?
1. population growth
2. demand for financial service
3. tech advancements
4. growing wealth demanded leisure and retail services
31
what did the 1979-91 policy emphasise?
private sector investment in land and the creation of entrepreneurial culture
32
what was set up for the 1979-91 policy?
coalition boards with local communities
33
# urban policy 1979-91
what did the coalition boards encourage?
their investment into urban land and infrastructure
34
give 3 examples of the urban 1979-91 policy
1. urban land grants
2. city action teams
3. enterprise zones
35
what did the 1991-97 policy focus on?
partnership schemes and competition led policy
36
what partnerships were focused on for the 1991-97 policy?
1. private sector
2. local communities
3. the voluntary sector
4. the local authorities
37
# 1991-97 policy
what issues did the partnership scheme focus on?
| in run down urban areas
1. social
2. economic
3. environemental
38
give 2 examples of the 1991-97 policy
1. single regeneration budget
2. city pride
39
what did the 1997-2000s policy focus on?
narrowing the gap in key social and economic indicators between run down areas and the rest of the country
40
what strategy was used to carry out the 1997-2000s policy?
local authorities were set targets to improve health, education and employment via allocated funding
41
give 3 examples of the 1997 to 2000s policy
1. Regional development Agencys (rdas)
2. National Neighbourhood renewal strategy
3. The housing market renewal programme
42
what did the 2011- present policy focus on?
devloving responsibilites to cities in England
43
how was the 2011-present policy implemented?
packages of funding and decision making powers were negotiated between the government and local authorities/ enterprises
44
what did the 2011-present policy enable?
local communities to take greater responsibility for business support, planning, transport and health
45
what was the 1980s urban regeneration policy called?
Urban Development Corporations
46
# 1980 regeneration policy
what was the role of Urban Development Corporations?
primarily regenerate the inner city
47
who was the UDC board made up of?
private sector and central govt
48
# 1980 regeneration
What was the UDC encouraged to do by the govt?
1.invest in land
2., build infrastructure
3.market to the private sector
49
# 1980 regeneration
how was the UDC funded?
directly from the government
50
# 1980 regeneration
give 3 successes of the UDC
1. effective in attracting business to run down areas
2. by the mid 90s £12 billion was invested from the private sector
3. 190,000 jobs were created
51
# 1980s regeneration
give 3 failiures of the UDC
1. did little to tackle social issues
2. locals complained they had little involvement
3. In the London Docklands locals complained they werent involved enough
52
# 1980s regeneration
give an example of an UDC
London Docklands Development Corporation
53
What was the 1990s urban regeneration policy called?
City Challenge
54
# 1990s regeneration
What was the aim of the City Challenge policy?
cities would compete for government grants through regeneration schemes
55
# regeneration 1990s
what did the City Challenge strategies focus on tackling?
1. social issues
2. economic issues
3. environmental issues
56
what is the nickname of bangalore town?
sillicon valley
57
why is bangalore town nicknamed sillicon valley?
due to its thriving IT industry
58
how many engineering colleges are there in bangalore?
400
59
what is the GDP of Bangalore?
$110 billion
60
give 3 challenges bangalore faces due to urban growth?
1. high levels of congestion
2. water scarcity due to inadequate supply
3. high levels of air pollution-
4.
61
what is the population of bangalore?
10 million
62
how many people does IT services employ in Bangalore?
1 million
63
how many IT companys are there in Bangalore?
1,200
64
what is 1 reason TNCs move to Bangalore?
tx incentives saving them costs
65
why are locals being forced out of bangalore?
due to the increasing house prices from urban expansion
66
what has happened to bangalores lakes as a result of urbanisation?
100 has turned into just 17 due to a lack of maintenance
67
how much higher is the demand for resources than supply in bangalore?
50%
68
how many universities are there in bangalore?
12
69
what is being built towards the centre of bangalore to manage transport?
toll roads
70
what is the venturi effect?
the phenomenon in which wind velocities increase when air flows through narrow gaps.
71
what is the albedo effect?
the reflectivity of surfaces, the higher the reflectivity the less heat it absorbs
72
what is particulate air pollution?
a form of air pollution caused by the release of particles and noxious gases
73
what is temperature inversion?
where a layer of warm air sits on top of the cool air, going against the pattern of air cooling with height in areas of high pressure
74
what do temperature inversion trap?
pollution in the lower layer of the atmosphere
75
what is an urban microclimate?
the small scale variation in weather conditions over an urban area
76
give 3 reasons for the urban heat island effect?
1. citys have a lower percent of albedo effect
2. industries and vehicles create increased cloud cover
3. urban areas have more water run off decreasing cooling through evaporation
77
give 5 strategies to manage the urban heat island effect
1. cool surfaces
2. green roads
3. green roofs
4. urban greening
5. sky view factor (space between high rises)
78
what happened in london 1952?
a severe fog storm
79
what did the urban act of 1956 state?
introduced smoke free zones in london to clean up the air
80
what did the legislation in the 1990s for air state?
regulations were imposed on air pollution especially PM10s
81
give 3 causes of urban flooding
1. impermeable surfaces logging water
2. reduction of infiltration through vegetation
3. increased precipitation do tom the UHIE
82
what is a rain garden?
a small area of vegetation which allows for infiltration from immpermeable surfaces
83
what are bioretention areas?
a vegetation area or permeable surface placed around or in impermeable areas
84
what are wetlands?
a pollutant filtering area of vegetation which acts like a sponge
85
what is a retention pond?
a man made pond which collects water from impermeable surfaces controlling the rate the river flows downstream
86
what are detention ponds?
a man made pond where water is collected through drainage pipes
87
what are pervious surfaces?
spaces between impermeable surfaces to allow water to infiltrate
88
what are green roofs?
permeable surfaces placed on roofs to reduce surface run off
89
what is lamb drove the case study for?
sustainable urban drianage systems
90
give 4 suds lamb drove used?
1. permeable paving
2. green roofs
3. detention and wetland basins
4. retention ponds
91
where is lamb drove located?
cambridge
92
give 3 benefits to lamb droves suds system
1. cost effective drainage
2. the sculptured swales and detention basins make a more attractive landscape
3. the use of suds has resulted in improved quality of water through their filtering systems
93
how many homes does lamb drove contain?
35
94
what did lamb drove intend to demonstrate?
that suds are more practical and an attractive than traditional drainage systems.
95
what 2 things does the burgess model show?
1. cbds are at the centre
2. wealthier people live further out from the city
96
what does cbd stand for?
central business district
97
give 3 causes of urban growth
1. natural population growth
2. industrialisation
3. rural to urban migration
98
what is long bridge the case study for?
regeneration
99
where is longbridge?
the midlands near birmingham
100
what is longbridge?
a 468 acre brownfield site abandoned by MG rovers
101
how many new homes has the long bridge development built?
350
102
how much new office space did the longbridge development create?
200,000 square ft
103
how many business has longbridge tech park made?
over 60
104
how many new jobs did the long bridge development scheme plan to create?
10,000
105
when is the longbridge project due to be finished?
2035
106
give 2 effects of inadequate waste disposal
1. air and water pollution
2. human health harmed e.g cholera
107
what % of global pollution do land fill sites produce?
8-10%
108
by what % does waste increase every year?
7%
109
what are 2 factors causing waste to increase by 7% a year?
1. population growth
2. economic growth increasing goods and services consumed
110
what is municipal solid waste?
waste consisting of everyday items by households and firms
111
what was the kg of msw per day per person in 2002 and 2025?
0.64 in 2002 and 1.42 in 2025
112
why do urban residents produce twice as much waste as rural ones?
1. due to a lower income
2. due to a higher level of recyclability in rural areas
113
in 2012 what % of MSW was uncollected due to a lack of facilities?
30-60%
114
give one source of residential waste
households food waste
115
give one source of industrial waste
demolition materials produced by construction sites
116
give one source of commercial waste
plastics produced by stores
117
give one source of instituional waste
paper produced from govt buildings
118
give one source of construction waste
bricks produced from building sites
119
give one source of urban service waste
tree waste in the parks
120
what is resource recovery?
selective extraction of disposal materials for a specific next use
121
what is recycling?
when materials from which an item is made can be reprocessed into new products
122
what is urban mining?
recovering compounds and elements from waste
123
what are the pros of recovery?
| in waste
1. reduces the quantity of disposed waste
2. the return of materials to the economy
124
what are the cons of recovery?
| in waste
1. energy required often produces greenhouse gases
2. informal recycling can cause pollutants if not done properly
125
what is the global waste trade?
the international trade of waste between countries for further treatment, disposal or recycling
126
what do the basel convention laws state?
the trade of hazardous waste from hics to lics is illegal due to environmental impacts
127
by what % can incineration reduce the volume of waste?
up to 90%
128
what is landfill?
the placement of waste in man-made or natural excavations such as pits or landfills
129
what are 2 pros of landfill sites?
1. sited with necessary controls
2. different types of waste accepted
130
what are 4 cons of landfills?
1. unsightly
2. takes up space
3. produces toxic air gases
4. may contaminate surrounding water
131
what are 3 pros of incineration?
1. can reduce waste volume by up to 90%
2. can produce energy
3. can reduce toxicity of waste
132
what does a storm hydrograph show?
the response of a rivers discharge following a rainfall event
133
what company was in charge of the longbridge redevelopment?
St Modwen
134
how much did St Modwen invest into longbridge?
around £300 million
135
what was the uk policy called in 1982?
the urban development corporation
136
give 3 details about the urban development corporation
1. UDCs were set up in the 80s to regenerate inner city areas
2. funding came directly from the central govt
3. marketing was used to attract private investment in the area
137
what was the named example for the urban development corporation in 1982 and why was it regenerated?
London Docklands was derelict with high unemployment rates due to deindustrialisation
138
give 3 pros of the urban development corporation in London Docklands
| LDDC
1. effective in attracting businesses and economic growth
2. by the mid 90s, £12 billion was invested from the private sector, creating 190,000 jobs
3. significantly developed transport links such as the Jubilee line
139
give 2 failiures of the urban development corporation in 1982
1. the property led scheme did little to tackle social problems
2. locals did not tend to benefit from the new housing as rising prices forced them out
140
what was the urban policy in 1992 called?
City Challenge
141
give 2 detials of the 1992 City Challenge scheme
1. cities competed against eachother for government regeneration grants
2. this was a localy authority scheme forming partnerships betweene local authoritys and communitys with the private sector
142
what is the named place in the 1992 City Chalenge scheme and why was it regenerated?
Hulme, manchester was regenerated due to pockets of deprivation from 'The Crescent' housing having severe structural and social issues
143
what was the housing in Hulme, Manchester called before the regeneration scheme?
The Crescent
144
give 3 successes of Hulme, Manchesters 1992 City Challenge scheme
1. The fact cities had to bid for schemes highlighted the more deprived areas
2. City challenge gave equal importance to buildings, people and values
3. 1997 data revealed the scheme improved over 40k houses, over 53k jobs and reclaimed 2,000 of derelict land
145
give 3 failiures of the 1992 Hulme, Manchester city challenge scheme
1. resources were thinly spread over large areas
2. areas which previously had funding who lost the bid had it withdrawn
3. money was lost preparing unsuccessful bids
146
define ecological footprint
the impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources.
