hazards booklet 1

Question 1

what is a hazard

Answer 1

event threatening life and property

Question 2

what is vulnerability

Answer 2

potential for loss

Question 3

why do people put themselves at risk of natural hazards

Answer 3

unpredictable
lack of alternatives
costs

Question 4

how does wealth increase or decrease vulnerability

Answer 4

richer people and countries can protect themeless by building sea defensives or earthquake restraints .
they are better prepared and more aware

Question 5

natural factors making people more vulnerable

Answer 5

type of hazard
scale of hazard
natural place - coast, tectonic plates
duration
future probability

Question 6

human factors making people more vulnerable

Answer 6

wealth

infrastructure
preparation
technology to predict / monitor
density of population
economy / land use

Question 7

perceptions of hazards

Answer 7

wealthier people can be better prepared , withstand the impact and prevent it even

poorer people feel helpless
they look at the hazard as a way of life

Question 8

what is fear fatalism and adaptation in relation to perception of hazards

Answer 8

fatalism - acceptance . it is part of living in that location . losses are accepted as inevitable

adaptation - people see they can prepare for and survive the event

fear- people feel so vulnerable they can no longer live there

Question 9

how can the impacts from a natural hazard be reduced

Answer 9

prediction - give warnings , monitoring , predict events , information from satellites

prevention - not very possible but there are ideas like trying to increase rainfall in tropical storms before they reach land

protection - aim to protect people , their possessions and their built environment . eg, sea walls , earthquake proof buildings , public education ,awareness programmes on evacuation

Question 10

what are the steps in the hazard management cycle

Answer 10

preparedness - what’s done before the disaster , emergency action plan
response - what is done during the disaster , warnings , search and rescue
recovery - activities following the disaster eg, medical aid, temporary housing
mitigation - things done to reduce the impact

Question 11

what is the park model

Answer 11

shows the effects of a hazard on the quality of life

Question 12

how many stages are there in the park model and what do they show

Answer 12

stage 1- pre-disaster before the disaster , everything is normal

stage 2-disruption hazardous event quality of life still at a normal level

stage 3-relief - event has happened and search and rescue is happening. quality of life is low for several hours up to several days

stage 4 - rehabilitation - start to provide shelter , food and clean water for those affected

stage 5 - reconstruction - long term human response
rebuilding , restoring , quality of life returns to normal

Question 13

3 phases of response following a hazard

Answer 13

relief
rehabilitation
reconstruction

Question 14

what factors affect the park model

Answer 14

type of hazard
degree of preparedness
nature of recovery

Question 15

what layer of the earth is divided into tectonic plates

Answer 15

lithosphere

Question 16

what is it called where plate meet

Answer 16

plate margins or boundaries

Question 17

what are the 3 theories of how tectonic plates move

Answer 17

convection currents

slab pull

ridge push

Question 18

what is convection currents

Answer 18

mantel is at its hottest closest to the core.

lowest parts of the asthenosphere , closest to the mantel . heats up its rises. as it moves upwards is cools becomes more dense and sinks again

the circular movements of semi molten rocks create drag on the base of tectonic plates causing them to move

Question 19

what is slab pull

Answer 19

at destructive plate margins

denser crust subducts under the less dense crust

sinking if the plate pulls the rest of the plate closer to the boundary

Question 20

ridge push

Answer 20

constructive plate margins

magma rises to the surface and pushes the plates apart forming a new crust.

the heat means the surrounding crust rises forming a slope

the new cooled magma - new crust is denser and gravity causes the denser new crust to push down the slope . pushing the tectonic plates further apart

Question 21

sea floor spreading

Answer 21

as plates move apart
magma rises to fill the gaps created , cools and forms a new crust

new crust is dragged apart and more new crusts are formed between them

the creates mid ocean ridges

Question 22

what are the different plate margins

Answer 22

constructive
conservative
destructive

Question 23

what occurs at constructive plate margins

Answer 23

two plates move apart from each other

earthquakes and volcanos

ocean ridge

rift valley

Question 24

ocean ridge

Answer 24

diverging plates underwater

volcanos can forms on mid Atlantic ridges eg.volcanos

Question 25

what occur at destructive plate boundaries

Answer 25

earthquakes and volcanos

Question 26

what do the plates to at destructive plate boundries

Answer 26

move towards each other

Question 27

what occurs at conservative plate margins

Answer 27

earthquakes

Question 28

describe how earthquakes form at conservative plate margins

Answer 28

2 plates slide past each other the 2 plates are locked together so pressure builds up . this means the plates jerk past each or crack releasing energy as an earthquake

Question 29

how and what do magma plumes form

Answer 29

volcanos magma plume is a vertical column of extra hot magma volcanos from above these magma plumes the crust moves above it but the plume stays stationary volcanic activity decreases in the volcano that was above the magma plume as it moves away this makes a chain of volcanos eg. hawaii

Question 30

3 types of destructive plate margins

Answer 30

oceanic - oceanic continental - oceanic continental - continental

Question 31

oceanic- oceanic

Answer 31

destructive plate margins denser plate of the 2 oceanic plates subducts under the other one ocean trench forms volcanos and earthquakes form

Question 32

continental - continental

Answer 32

neither subduct the plates move towards each other no volcanoes , only earthquakes pressure builds up and earthquakes happen fold mountains form where plates push against each other

Question 33

continental - oceanic

Answer 33

more dense crust subducts under the other one the denser crust is the oceanic one. sea trench forms where plates meet fold mountains form oceanic crust is heated and melts into the magma magma rises through the continental crust because it is less dense . rises to the surface to from a volcano earthquake - when plate moves under the other is can jerk and get stuck - pressure builds up and plates jerk past each other , this causes an earthquake.

Question 34

characteristics of oceanic crust vs a continental

Answer 34

oceanic thinner and denser, continental is thicker and less dense