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WSET D1 > Hazards Pests And Diseases > Flashcards

Hazards Pests And Diseases Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

Drought

A

Min needs 500mm/year in cool climate and 750mm/year in warm
Stomata close and reduce photosynthesis

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2
Q

Drought management

A

Irrigation where allowed
Drought resistant rootstock from Rupestris and Berlandieri parentage
Drought tolerant varieties like Garnacha

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3
Q

Excessive water

A

In summer = vegetative growth (divert nutrients from bunches and shade bunches)
Fungus
Waterlogged soil reduces oxygen availability and compacts soil

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4
Q

Excessive rainfall mgmt

A

Slope, free draining soil, or drainage system

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5
Q

Untimely rainfall

A

During pollination and fruit set can lead to millerandage or coulure reducing size of crop and lowering quality
Rainfall around harvest swells grapes to splitting and can lead to grey rot, makes harvest work difficult

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6
Q

Freeze

A

-4*F can damage or kill vine

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7
Q

Freeze mitigation

A

Site selection- hillside is warmer, near body of water, allow depth of snow to insulate
Variety choice- cab franc/riesling, hybrid or American varieties
Protect vines- hilling up for insulation, burying the vine, pruned to have several trunks

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8
Q

Frost

A

Advective frost- large volumes of cold air moving in from cold areas
Radiative frost- heat lost on still, cold nights

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9
Q

Frost risk reduction

A

Site selection to avoid frost pockets
Delayed pruning postpones budburst
Late budding varieties like Riesling
High trained vines
Bare soil between vines absorb more heat and radiate it

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10
Q

Frost mitigation

A

Sprinklers - aspersion - only method to combat advective frost
Wind machine- pull warm air down can use helicopter
Oil or propane heater (smudge pot) or wax candle (bougies)- low heating efficiency

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11
Q

Hail

A

Damage to vines at all stages of development

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12
Q

Hail mgmt

A

Silver iodide seeding- causes rain rather than hail
Netting- only good in high sunlight areas
Plots in varied areas
Crop insurance

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13
Q

Sunburn

A

Scars skin possible death of grape
Bitter taste
Increased susceptibility to rot

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14
Q

Sunburn mgmt

A

Row orientation and aspect reduce impact of hottest afternoon sun
Canopy mgmt techniques to adjust direct exposure
Irrigation to lower water stress
Agricultural sunscreen or cloth/net

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15
Q

Fire

A

Damage to property, equipment, irrigation system, vines, trellises
Smoke taint

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16
Q

Fire mgmt

A

Fire detection and sprinklers
Water tank install
Employee training

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17
Q

Smoke taint

A

Effect on fruit increases from veraison onward
Aroma compounds in smoke absorbed in grapes and bind with sugars to form precursors that become aromatic through fermentation
Strength of aroma increases during aging

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18
Q

Smoke taint mgmt

A

Musts tested analytically or by micro fermentation to establish extent of problem
Thought to be in skin so reducing skin contact reduces taint - hand harvest/gentle or whole bunch press/ low temp fermentation/ reduced maceration
Flash detente- can help but not remove completely
Can blend into unaffected wines to dilute

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19
Q

Phylloxera

A

Vines die of drought in larger and larger patches
Vine roots covered with insects and yellow eggs
Swelling on older roots
Pale green galls underside of leaves
Slow, stunted growth and leaf yellowing in three years after exposure, death in 5

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20
Q

Phylloxera mgmt

A

Grafting however American rootstock has poor like tolerance
Rootstock hybrids add lime tolerance
Now rootstocks offer protection from various pests/hazards

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21
Q

Nematodes

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A

Microscopic worms
Feed off roots and transmit disease
Either present in soil or spread by unclean nursery stock, irrigation water, or vehicles
Once present they are only managed not eliminated

22
Q

Nematode management

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A

Fumigate soil - most chemicals now banned but ploughed mustard plant has compounds that work as biofumigants
Nematode resistant rootstock from champini

23
Q

Grape moths

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A

Feed on flowers and grapes
Wounds lead to susceptibility to bacteria and fungus
Significant crop loss

24
Q

Grape moth mgmt

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A

Biological control- use of bacillus thuringiensis that produces substances toxic to moths
Pheromone capsules to disrupt mating
Natural predators- parasitic wasps, green lacewings, some spiders)
Insecticide

25
Spider mites
Feed on surface cells of leaves reducing photosynthesis, delaying ripening, reducing yields Most damaging when vines are water stressed
26
Spider mite mitigation
Use sprinklers - they thrive in dusty conditions Encourage predators- mites that feed on spider mites General pesticides kill beneficial mites, specific spider mite sprays are costly
27
Birds
Can destroy an entire crop Bird damage allows bacteria and fungi to enter bunches - rot
28
Bird mgmt
Netting - Mornington Peninsula - expensive Bird scares or noises - rotated Falcons
29
Mammals
Eat vines, grapes, damage trellis Deer, rabbits, kangaroos, raccoons, wild boar, baboons
30
Mammal mgmt
Fencing
31
Powdery mildew
Oidium Chard/Cab susceptible- PN/Ries less so Overwinters in buds and on canes Attacks young green parts Thrives in shady conditions Does not require humidity
32
Powdery mildew mgmt
Open canopy to reduce shading Sulfur application from budburst to veraison to prevent, easier than containing Systemic fungicides can be effective however fungus can become resistant so use is limited
33
Downy mildew
Water lives in vine tissue Attacks green parts of plant Defoliation Needs rainfall and warmth to spread
34
Downy mildew mgmt
Copper salt spray (bordeaux mix) only work in drier conditions- builds heavy metals in soil. Only available treatment in organic Fungicides Good drainage and open canopy
35
Grey Rot
Botrytis cinerea Loss of yield, drop of quality (color, body, aroma) Can affect flowers and stay dormant until veraison
36
Grey rot mgmt
Thick skinned varieties Protection from pests Open canopy, removing leaves Fungicide (Bordeaux mix ineffective) Antagonistic bacteria- bacillus subtilis
37
Eutypa Dieback
Dead arm Fungal trunk disease Reduced yield kills vine in 10 yrs Spores spread by wind into pruning wounds
38
Eutypa dieback mgmt
Late pruning pre application of fungicides Cut trunks back if affected and treat with fungicides- burn affected wood Bacillus subtillis If badly affected- retrain from sucker or remove vine and replant
39
Phomopsis cane and leaf spot
Fungal disease Prevalent in years with cool wet springs followed by humidity and moderate temps Infected canes whiten and break Grenache susceptible
40
Phomopsis cane and leaf spot mgmt
Fungicides applied after budburst and every two weeks as wet conditions continue Diseased and deadwood removed and burned Canopy mgmt to improve air flow
41
Esca
Complex fungal disease caused by a group of organisms particularly prevalent in warm/dry climates Enters through pruning wounds Tiger striping of leaves and spotting inside wood Reduces yield and leads to vine death
42
Esca mgmt
Prevention - disease free stock Minimal wound pruning Disinfection of pruning wounds Bacillus subtillis
43
Pierce’s disease
Bacterial disease- quickly kills vine Bacteria live in sap channels- clogs channels- grape shrivel/ leaf drop. Death in 1-5 years Spread by sharpshooter insect (vector)
44
Vector
Organism that spreads disease
45
Pierce’s disease mgmt
No chemicals control Control by reducing vector - insecticide, predatory wasps Strict quarantine to prevent spread Working to create disease resistant vines
46
Grapevine yellows
Group of diseases caused by bacteria No treatment available Spread by leaf hoppers and nurseries selling untreated, diseased stock Delayed budburst, failure to lignify, yellow canopy (white variety) red canopy (red variety) Chard/riesling susceptible Sometimes death/sometimes recovery Reduced yield, high acid low sugar
47
Grapevine yellows mgmt
No control Control vector - insecticide, remove cover crops Bathe pruning wood in hot water to kill disease
48
Fanleaf virus
Early shoot growth stunted Canes grow distorted Leaves are pale/malformed like a fan Can have little effect or lose whole crop Spread by dagger nematodes and infected plant matter
49
Fanleaf virus mgmt
No cure Vines must be replaced Test for dagger nematodes and only use clean plant material
50
Leaf roll virus
Spread by grafting and mealy bugs Can reduce yield up to half and negatively affect quality Surviving fruit takes longer to ripen, will have more acid, less color, lower sugar Vine stores less carbs Fall yellow leaves for white/ red leaves for black Some plant material shows no symptoms but carries
51
Leaf roll virus mgmt
No cure Screen vines for infection at nursery Open canopy to reduce mealy bugs Encourage natural predators- ladybugs, lacewings

WSET D1 (10 decks)

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