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Flashcards in Hazards Statistics Deck (17)
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1
Q

Impact of Hurricane Matthew on Haiti - Primary (6)

A

90% of coconut trees on the Tiburon Peninsula were destroyed
-350,350 animals were killed
-200,000 homes, with 90% of houses along the southern coast destroyed
-175,500 people sought refuge in shelters
-1.4 million people required immediate humanitarian assistance.
546 people were killed,were in towns and fishing villages

2
Q

Secondary impacts of Hurricane Matthew on Haiti (2)

A

Food Crisis- price of rice and tin increased after the storm leaving many poverty-stricken, already deprived inhabitants without food and shelter. The agriculture and housing/urban sectors were the hardest hit, with up to 90 percent of crops and livestock lost in some areas.

-Cholera outbreak worsened following the storm due to flood waters inundating the land leading to poor amount of clean water and sanitation levels were worsening. 1351 new cases

3
Q

Impact of Mount Ontake Eruption (5)

A

100 hikers on the mountain were injured from toxic gases and the heat of a large, fast-moving pyroclastic flow.

Visibility on the volcano slopes was completely reduced and many people were engulfed in total darkness for several minutes.

Tour companies, tourist resorts and travel agencies experienced many cancelled holidays as people feared another eruption.

toxic ash up to 50 cm thick covered much of the mountain and surrounding area.

The hot ash damaged about 18 hectares of farmland where hakusai is grown and 32 cabbage farms in the area suffered

4
Q

How to reduce impacts of earthquakes on HICs (4)

A

Management / security of local water supplies so that sanitation conditions are improved

Use of emergency aid to help people with injuries which means that treatment of people should save lives

NGOs donating food / shelter to affected people so that they are protected from exposure and weather conditions

Burying any dead who suffered from the collapse of buildings to stop the spread of diseases

5
Q

Impacts of Volcanos (4)

A

Pyroclastic flows damage/destroy buildings, roads, crops, stock (animals) and woods, which could lead to the long-term evacuation of an area and, therefore, to a decline in the local economy.
• Mudflows (lahars) often cause a lot of damage to the environment as a result of the boulders/logs carried within them crushing everything in their path. People caught in the path of a lahar have a high risk of death from severe crush injuries, drowning or asphyxiation.
• Lava flows burn or bury everything they come across. They may also start fires, which are a lot more dangerous for the environment around the volcano, and kill more people than the lava flow itself
• Ash falls can cause houses and buildings to collapse. People and animals may die due to a lack of oxygen Huge problems are created for the aviation industry

6
Q

Why are some countries more vulnerable to natural hazards (6)

A

Countries that, with effective warning systems, rescue services, medical services, education systems and building design, tend to have less damage from an earthquake.
• Countries that are less economically developed cannot afford to spend as much money to protect themselves from earthquakes,
More-developed countries can afford to spend money on prediction methods, such as GPS satellite
Construction standards tend to be poorer in less-developed countries
Evacuation and other emergency plans are also difficult to put into action due to limited funds and insufficient resources.

Clearing up can be difficult. There may not be enough money to rebuild homes quickly and safely, which leads to many people being forced to live in emergency housing or refugee camps – which can increase the death toll.

7
Q

How does Japan prepare for earthquakes (6)

A

extra steel bracing, giant rubber pads and embedded hydraulic shock absorbers make modern Japanese buildings among the sturdiest in the world

Japanese coast, tsunami warning signs, towering seawalls (40 ft) and well-marked escape routes offer some protection from walls of water.
Tsunami and earthquake drills are regularly carried out in schools
Outfitting new buildings with advanced devices called base isolation pads and energy dissipation units to dampen the ground’s shaking during an earthquake

Networks of sensors are set up to set off alarms in individual residences and automatically shut down floodgates to prevent waves from surging upriver

Hazard mapping - this helps identify the areas most at risk from earthquakes. P the Japanese Meteorological Agency operates network of about 200 seismographs and 600 seismic intensity meters.

It also collects data from over 3,600 seismic intensity meters managed by local governments and the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED). This information is put into the Earthquake Phenomena Observation System (EPOS) at the headquarters in Tokyo

8
Q

How did Japan respond to the 2011 earthquake? 8

A

The JMA (Japan Meteorological Agency) issued a tsunami warning 3 minutes after the earthquake and launched an official TV appeal to urge those near the coast to move to higher ground.

Within the first hour special search and rescue teams, police officers and other rescue workers were on their way to the affected area.
In the first two days, 50,000 personnel were mobilised to help.

Over 340,000 displaced people in the region needed catering for, and issues included shortages of food, water, shelter, medicine and fuel for survivors.

Twenty-six million meals were distributed and 8 million bottles of drinking water.

Over 230,000 boxes of medical supplies were also delivered to the affected areas.

The Japanese military forces were sent to help with the rescue effort and distribution of aid.
Fighter jets were flown over the affected areas to identify damage and prioritize areas for aid distribution.
Many countries such as the UK sent search and rescue teams to help search for survivors. NGOs and other Aid agencies helped too, with the Japanese Red Cross reporting $1 billion in donations.
Social media was used to communicate updates and tell people how to access help.

9
Q

How did Japan respond in the long term to the 2011 earthquake? 2

A

About 53 million tonnes of debris has been removed, roads have been rebuilt and permanent housing has been found for most residents displaced by the disaster.
Sixty new levees and seawalls have been built along the coastline, however there are still many more yet to be constructed.

10
Q

How does Nepal prepare for earthquakes (2)

A

GO BAG or an emergency kit. The National Society for Earthquake Technology (NSET) in Nepal has designed these easy-to-carry emergency kits to help people to prepare for an earthquake.
Retrofitting - It means adding additional features to a building, after it was already built. A school in Nepal was not built as an earthquake-proof building but the yellow supports were added later to help prevent collapse during an earthquake.

11
Q

Which type of buildings were most affected in Kathmandu?

A

Many of the buildings in Nepal collapsed in the initial earthquake or the aftershock. Many older neighbourhoods in the capital, Kathmandu, were made up of poorly-constructed brick buildings and these were largely destroyed in the disaster. Fewer, modern structures collapsed.

12
Q

How were survivors found in Nepal

A

Finding survivors- Specialist sound equipment can detect the faintest of noises to within a few metres. Carbon dioxide detectors can be used to find survivors rendered unconscious.

13
Q

How did Britain help the search and rescue teams in Nepal?

A

The British organisation, Search and Rescue Assistance in Disasters (SARAID) has sent a team of experts with 1.5 tonnes of specialist equipment. This includes an electrical power generator and power tools for cutting through concrete and steel.

14
Q

How did Oxfam give immediate relief (6)

A

More than 600,000 people benefited from Oxfam’s humanitarian response. 51% women and 49% men
400.000 people got access to clean water, sanitation, food, and shelter
58.000 hygiene kits distributed
15,000 families restarted their lost businesses
17,000 farmers received rice seeds

15
Q

How did Oxfam help with longer term relief? (3)

A

Set up Cash for Work programs which provided short-term employment in the rebuilding of community services and benefited 15,000 vulnerable families.
Over a quarter of houses damaged by the earthquakes were owned by single women, and only a few of them had access to land titles, leaving women in danger of being excluded from the reconstruction process. Women were included in all projects and programs, such as the masonry and carpentry training.
Trained 148 people how to make interlocking bricks- cheap and easy to build as they don’t need to be baked.

16
Q

Impacts of earthquake in Nepal - short term 9

A

8,500 deaths
17,000 injured
Damage to 7 UNESCO World Heritage Sites Changu Narayan Temple and the Dharahara Tower
850,000 homes damaged
Triggered huge mudslides and landslides that blocked the narrow roads - prevented help from reaching remote areas
Smallness of airport prevented aid from reaching the people
Damage equivalent to 7 billion USD
The earthquake triggered an avalanche on Mount Everest, killing approximately 20 people.

This made April 25 2015 the deadliest day on the mountain in history. The earthquake triggered another huge avalanche in the Langtang valley, where 250 people were killed.

Crucial harvests of rice were lost just before the monsoon season meaning that there were extreme food shortages

17
Q

Responses to reduce impacts Nepal 5

A

International aid was provided by India and China who in total committed over $1 billion to help support Nepal.
The UK offered help and support. Over 100 search and rescue responders, medical experts, and disaster and rescue experts were sent together with three Chinook helicopters for use by the Nepali government.
The GIS tool “Crisis mapping” was used to coordinate the response.
Aid workers from charities such as the Red Cross came to help.
Temporary housing was provided, including ‘Tent city’ in Kathmandu.