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Geography Paper 1 > Hazerdous Earth > Flashcards

Hazerdous Earth Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 4 types of plate boundaries

A

Divergent
Convergent
Conservative collision

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2
Q

What is a divergent plate boundary like

A

Two plates moving apart
Mild shield volcanoes and small earthquakes
Magnitude 5-6
E.g South American and African plate

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3
Q

Describe what a conservative plate boundary is like

A

Two plates sliding past each other causing friction
earthquakes but no volcanoes
Magnitude 8.5
E.g pacific and North American

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4
Q

Describe what a convergent or destructive

A

Formed when two plates collide with the oceanic plate going under the continental one
Dangerous volcanoes, earthquakes and tsunamis
Magnitude 9.5
E.g Eurasian and pacific plates

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5
Q

Describe what a collision plate boundary is like

A

When two continental plates collide
Earthquakes, fold mountains and landslides
Magnitude 9
E.g Indian and Eurasian

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6
Q

What is a hot spot

A

Where a rising plume breaks through the earths surface causing a volcano in the middle of a plate e.g Hawii

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7
Q

What features should be labelled when drawing a volcano diagram

A

Crater, gas and ash, side vent, lava flow, central vent, layers of lava and ash, magma chamber, pyroclastic flow, the crust

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8
Q

Describe the two types of volcanoes

A

A composite volcano is tall and thin due to andesitic, thick sticky lava which doesn’t flow very far before solidifying leading the tall shape. Eruptions are more explosive due to more silica and more gases and usually has pyroclastic flow which is fast moving currents of hot gas and volcanic matter

Whereas a shield volcano is broad, gently sloping due to gentle lava eruptions of thin, runny lava which runs down it more quickly

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9
Q

How do tectonic plates move

A

Radioactive decay in the mantle and core (uranium) heats up the lower asthenosphere so the magma becomes less dense and rises. As it reaches the top it if cools down, becoming more dense and so sinks. These circular movements are called convection currents and drag the crust along

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10
Q

How do we know Pangea existed

A

Because continents and countries such as Madagascar and Africa look as if they could fit together
Plant species remains have been found in Greenland so it must have been so low down it could once sustain life
The same animal fossils have been found in Africa and South America

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11
Q

What is the epicentre

A

The point of the surface directly under the focus

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12
Q

What are Seismic waves

A

Vibrations travelling out in all directions from the earthquake

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13
Q

What is the focus of an earthquake

A

The point underground where it starts

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14
Q

What is a tsunami

A

A massive wave triggered by an underwater earthquake

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of each level of the earths structure

A

Crust - rigid and thin, broken in tectonic plates
The mantle - thickest and partly molten (magma) approx 3800
The outer core - liquid approx 5000
The inner core - solid, the hottest and lots of iron giving the earth its magnetic field approx 6000

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16
Q

What are the lithosphere and asthenosphere

A

The lithosphere is the uppermost layer of the earth. Includes the very top of the mantle and also crust

Asthenosphere is part of the earths mantle and is hot and semi molten

The lithosphere is important because we live and grow crops on it

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17
Q

What are the killer facts for the continental crust

A

Thick (up to 30-50km)
Light (2.7glcm3)
Granite
Cannot be destroyed
Oldest crust (3-4 billion years old)

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18
Q

What are the killer facts for the oceanic crust

A

Thin (6-7km)
Dense (3.3glcm3)
Basalt
Can be destroyed
Can be made where two plates pull apart so if very new

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19
Q

How can you prepare for a volcanic eruption

A

Monitor the small earthquakes as magma rises with a seismometer
Exclusion zones to protect people from an active area
Evacuation plans
Concrete shelters
A tilt meter detects when the volcano swells up as it fills with magma
Thermal imaging shows temperature rises helping to indicate volcanic activity
Gases can be measured as surfuric content indicates an eruption

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20
Q

What plate is the uk on

A

Eurasian plate

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21
Q

What is a plate boundary

A

Where two plates meet

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22
Q

What four points can you make looking at a tectonic activity world map describe question

A

Earthquake and volcanoes are found at plate boundaries, particularly where plates are colliding

Volcanoes are only found at divergent and convergent plate boundaries whereas earthquakes are at all

Some earthquakes and volcanoes are found at hot spots which are found in the middle of a plate an example being Hawaii in the midriff of the pacific plate

There is lots of activity around the ring of fire

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23
Q

What is a volcano

A

An Opening or event In The the earths surface through which molten material erupts and solidifies as lava

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24
Q

Explain the 4 levels of volcanic activeness

Study These Flashcards
A

Active means eruption could happen any time
Dormant means there has not been an eruption for a long time but is still a possibility
Extinct means there has been no eruptions for a long time and probably won’t again

25
What are primary effects of a volcanic eruption
Lava flow Pyroclastic flow Ash Buildings and roads and crops destroyed People and animals killed/injured Water supplies contaminated Suffocation from volcanic gas
26
What are some secondary impacts of volcanic eruptions
Death Transport problems Famine Drought Transport problems Homelessness Unemployment Tourism lost or gained Mudflows Flooding Fertile soil
27
What is a primary and secondary impact
Caused directly by the event In the hours days and weeks after
28
How is magnitude measured
Measured with a seisemoniter on the Richter scale The Richter scale which gose up by times 10 each whole number
29
What factors can affect the impact of an earthquake
Population Development Warning systems Time of day Weather Distance from epicentre Communications Urban or rural Time of year Economy Culture Frequency
30
How dose the suns energy vary around the earth
The sun is closer to the equator so they don’t travel as far so lose less heat on their way to the earth. The further away from the equator the rays hit the earth at more of an angle which makes a larger area for the rays to spread over. This causes ice at the poles which are the furthest away from the equator so loses the most energy over the distance and spread out the most. The polar regions remain colder as the cloud white reflects heat
31
How is heat redistributed globally
Ocean currents and winds transfer heat sound the planet. This makes sure the equator doesn’t get too hot and the poles don’t get too cold
32
How are winds caused by
Winds are caused by differences in pressure causing the air to move Wind always blows from high to low pressure
33
What is low pressure
When air rises The rising air cools and condenses forming cloudy, wet, stormy weather Winds blow towards a low pressure system so in the northern hemisphere they spin anticlockwise but in the southern hemisphere they spin clockwise
34
What is high pressure
When air sinks
35
What is high pressure
When air sinks Clear skies as sinking air prevents cloud formation Dry, calm often sunny weather Clockwise wind in the NH and anticlockwise in the SH Common in summer and winter
36
How do oceans help to distribute heat
At the equator, water becomes warm and moves towards the north and south poles. This warm current known as the Gulf Stream then splits (a part of this called the North Atlantic drift makes some places like the uk slightly warmer in the winter than other places with similar latitude) Cooler, denser waters near the poles circulates towards the equator to be heated making a huge circulation of ocean currents across the earth
37
What is the global circulation model
The global circulation model is a theory that explains how the atmosphere operates in a series of three cells each side of the equator.
38
What is the ITCZ
Inter tropical convergence zone The zone of rising air at the equator where the two Hadley cells meet Directly under the ITCZ there is heavy rain
39
Explain the Hadley cell in 5 steps
Air at the equator heats up forming a low pressure system As warm air rises it cools and forms a tall cumulonimbus clouds which produce heavy rain At altitude the rising air is deflected north and south At the tropics, the air gets cooler and sinks creating high pressure and no clouds Air then returns back to the equator to be heated again
40
What are the 3 global circulation systems
Hadley cell Feral cell Polar cell
41
What is the cells working together called
The global atmospheric circulation system
42
What are the 4 temperature regions
Tropical Arid Temperature Polar
43
What is weather and what is climate
Weather is the day to day atmospheric conditions at a particular time and place Climate is the average weather conditions in a region measured usually over 30 or more years
44
What two things do climate graphs show
Rainfall and temperature
45
What are glacials
Very low global temperatures. Some glacial periods became ice ages which last for several hundreds of years
46
What 3 ways can we find out about climate in the past
Tree rings- every year a tree grows a ring, the thicker the ring is the warmer and wetter that year was Ice cores- each layer of snowfall has bubbles of carob dioxide trapped in it which can be measured when scientists drill down Historical sources - old painting, newspapers and diary’s describe and give evidence for climate change. But since that’s not what they were originally intended for they are not always accurate
47
Describe the 4 natural causes of climate change
The eruption theory- volcanic eruptions produce gas and ash which blocks the suns ray by reflecting into space. This cools the planet average temperature Asteroid collisions- ash and dust block and reflects sunlight cooling climate for 5-6 years Sunspot theory- the suns output is not constant. The more sunspots the more active the sun is The orbital theory- the earths orbit, tilt and wobble after the amount of sunlight it receives. Changes are called the milankovich cycles
48
How dose the natural greenhouse gas effect work
The suns solar radiation the atmosphere, some rays are reflected back into space. the others enter the atmosphere and bounce off the earth. some stay contained because of the greenhouse gases creating a barrier and heating up the earth
49
What is the enhanced greenhouse effect
Extra greenhouse gases build up the atmosphere heating up the earth and creating global warming
50
What are the human causes of climate change
Cars Cow farming Factories and industry Deforestation Fertilisers Planes and engines Gas pip leaks Fossil feuls Sewage plants
51
Why is climate difficult to predict
We don’t know how population will change We don’t know what energy sources we will be using We don’t know what choices society will normalise or what lifestyle will look like
52
Where as tropical cyclones called hurricanes
USA
53
Where as tropical cyclones called cyclones
India
54
Where as tropical cyclones called typhoons
Japan and east Asia
55
What is wind speed measurement on
The saffir-Simpson hurricane scale
56
Where do cyclones form between
The tropics of Capricorn and cancer
57
How do tropical cyclones form
In waters of at least 27 degrees Warm air rises and condenses forming thunderstorms This creates low pressure Surrounding air rushes to fill the gap causing strong winds The earths rotation make the air spin If it stays over warm water it will gain energy and form a full hurricane The eye forms in the centre
58
What are the 4 main parts to a hurricane
The eye with low pressure, calm light winds The eye wall has the strongest wind and rain with fast rising air The rain bands are spiralling bands of cloud, rains and thunderstorms Cloud tops are all thunderclouds releasing energy
59
How is a building made earthquake proof
Sock absorbers Flexible structure Double glazing to stop shattering Deep foundations Dampener

Geography Paper 1 (3 decks)

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