HC 1

Question 1

Prevention model:
What are the three kinds of prevention? (No explanation)

Answer 1

1. Primary prevention
2. Secondary prevention
3. Tertiary prevention

Question 2

Primary prevention

Answer 2

= Preventing an illness, the target group is healthy people

Question 3

Secondary prevention

Answer 3

= Tracing an illness in the early phase, for early treatment or prevention of more serious complaints. The target group is (healthy) people with an increased risk

Question 4

Tertiary prevention

Answer 4

= Prevention of further complications and worsening of symptoms, the target group is ill people

Question 5

Health behavior

Answer 5

WHO= state of complete physical, mental & social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Question 6

Reductionisme & Biomedical model

Answer 6

Gedrag is te reduceren to het fysiek functioneren van het lichaam & ziekte heeft een pathologische oorzaak en kan worden verholpen door een medische behandeling

Question 7

Bio-psychosocial model

Answer 7

Biology+psychology+social context = health

• Body and mind in interaction determine health + illness.
• Interplay of bio, psycho & social factors
• They influence each other continuously

Question 8

Incidentie

Answer 8

Aantal nieuwe gevallen van de ziekte per tijdseenheid

Question 9

Prevalentie

Answer 9

Aantal mensen dat een bepaalde ziekte heeft op een bepaald moment

Question 10

Alameda, 7 health factors for longevity:

Answer 10

1. exercising
2. drinking less than 5 drinks in one sitting
3. sleeping 7-8 hours a night
4. not smoking
5. maintaining desirable weight for height
6. avoid snacks
7. eating breakfast

Question 11

Types of health behaviors (Matarazzo), 2x

Answer 11

1. behavioral pathogens - risk behaviors
2. behavioral immunogens - protective behavior

Question 12

Why influence health behaviors?

Answer 12

1. related to mortality (death) & morbidity (unhealthy condition)
2. socio-demographic and socio-economic differences increase
3. prevalence of risk behaviors is high
4. health behavior is not always an informed choice

Question 13

Health behavior is not always an informed choice, influence on this can lead to adverse effects:

Answer 13

1. increase in SES differences
2. hardening (I don’t trust the government)
3. stigmatising (shame & blame)

Question 14

Idiosyncratic

Answer 14

“een eigenzinnig persoon” (odd, peculiar), characteristics that are unique to a person and determine e.g. how is dealt with disappointment etc.

Question 15

Adherence

Answer 15

Patient listens to and follows medical advice.

Question 16

How can we explain/ understand health behavior?

Answer 16

1. getting MOTIVATED
2. preparing for action & starting to change CAPABILITY
3. staying on track

Question 17

3 theories for getting motivated (changing behavior)

Answer 17

1. health belief model
2. social cognitive theory
3. Theory of planned behavior

Question 18

Health belief model

Answer 18

= cognitive model

Demografische variabelen + psychologische karakteristieken + cues to action staan centraal.

Het is een afweging tussen de benefits en costs en de mate van threat perceived .

Angst staat ook centraal en bepaalt hoe erg & hoe waarschijnlijk iets is (dat het jou overkomt) en samen met response efficacy bepaalt het de kans op het optreden van gedrag.

Question 19

Social cognitive theory

Answer 19

“Social Learning”

Outcome expectations & self-efficacy expectations determine behavior and influence behavioral initiation & maintenance

Question 20

self-efficacy

Answer 20

An individual’s belief in his or her own capacity (capability) to execute behaviors necessary for specific tasks/ in specific situations and to attain the desired outcome

Question 21

Reasoned action approach/ Theory of planned behavior

Answer 21

Intentions = most proximal determent of health behaviors and is influenced by own attitude towards behavioral perceived norms (how others see it) & perceived behavior control (own beliefs over control)

Question 22

Instrumental attitude

Answer 22

positive - negative

Question 23

experiental attitude

Answer 23

how you experience it (more emotional)

Question 24

Injunctive norm

Answer 24

What you think you are ought to do (by others)

Question 25

Descriptive norm

Answer 25

Literal description of the behavior of others

Question 26

capacity autonomy

Answer 26

determine own beliefs about how much control you have over your behavior

Question 27

Self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan)

Answer 27

There are different sources of motivation, and people have three basic needs: 1. feel related 2. feel competent 3. feel autonomous --> determines diff. type of motivation

Question 28

amotivation

Answer 28

behavior irrelevant for the person

Question 29

Health action process approach (Schwarzer)

Answer 29

Motivation is not enough to make behavior happen. Change is more than motivation alone, there are lots of other factors. Action plans + coping plans are an important step between intention and action Believing in your abilities and action plans is a good predictor for future behavior

Question 30

Health action process approach: there are three phases, and in each phase people have different views about their own abilities. What are these three phases?

Answer 30

1. Motivational phase 2. Volitional phase (wil fase) 3. recover phase (herstelfase)

Question 31

Transtheoretical model

Answer 31

1. thinking about it 2. preparing for action 3. taking action 4. maintaining Relapses or sliding backwards is not unusual and means that you're not ready yet

Question 32

5 stappen in changing health behavior

Answer 32

1. precontemplation (van plan om te blijven roken) 2. contemplation ( misschien nadenken om te stoppen) 3. preparation (minder vaak sigaretten kopen) 4. action (ik ben gestopt met roken) 5. maintenance (ik ben al enkele maanden gestopt)

Question 33

Dual process theories

Answer 33

Een gedachten kan op twee manieren ontstaan: Bewust - onbewust (impliciet/expliciet) VB: reflective/impulsive model

Question 34

Reflective impulsive model (Stack & Deutsch)

Answer 34

Both systems operate in parallel asymmetry. The impulsive system is always engaged in processing, and the reflective system may be disengaged because it requires a high amount of cognitive capacity

Question 35

Reflective system

Answer 35

explicit, controlled, conscious, reasoned --> knowledge, facts, values --> intentions

Question 36

Impulsive system

Answer 36

implicit, uncontrolled, unconscious, automatic, associative --> habits --> impulses

Question 37

Conflict between reflective and impulsive system:

Answer 37

When behavioral schemata are activated that are incompatible and inhibit one another The solution of the conflict depends on the strength of the activation for each schema (habit strength)

Question 38

habit

Answer 38

Mental association between cue and goal directed response. It develops when repeatedly performing a specific behavior in a stable situation. VB: eating chips (behavior) when watching tv (cue). After repeatedly choosing chips: activation of 'Chips" occurs automatically when turning on the tv without conscious intentions or planning.

Question 39

positive and negative sides of 'habits'

Answer 39

Positive: - efficient, you can use your attention and resources for other things - easy, you don't need to think about it or make difficult decisions Negative: - automatic activation, its difficult to change even if intentions change --> this has no effect on the strength + automatic nature of the cue-response association

Question 40

Difference in effect of intentions on no vs strong habits

Answer 40

No habits: large effect of intentions Strong habits: weak effect of intentions

Question 41

Com-B model

Answer 41

"combination" = integratie model for understanding (health) behavior invloed van capability en opportunity op de motivatie. En een wisselwerking van deze drie op het gedrag.