HC1

Question 1

Lateralization

Answer 1

Two hemispheres with partly different functions

Question 2

What is more typical of the left hemisphere?

Answer 2

producing and understanding language, semantic memory

Question 3

What is more typical of the right hemisphere?

Answer 3

visual-spatial orientation and processing emotional and social stimuli

Question 4

Low processes

Answer 4

primary projection, limbic system, brain stem=

habits, learned, automized, unconscious processes

Question 5

High processes

Answer 5

cortical areas such as frontal cortex=

conscious processes

Question 6

cns is composed of motor and sensory neurons, which are;

Answer 6

sensory (afferent) neurons=
carry messages from outside the body (from sensory receptors such as eyes, ears etc) into the brain or spinal cord

motor (efferent) neurons=
send messages from the cns (brain or spinal cord) to the muscles that control voluntary movement (the skeletal muscles)

Question 7

sympathetic nervous system

Answer 7

physical activation, organizes fight-or-flight response

Question 8

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 8

slows down body processes (such as digestion etc.) and maintains a state of relaxiation

Question 9

function of the spinal cord

Answer 9

Organization
of reflexes: no conscious decisions
Contains motor and sensory nerves

Question 10

Hindbrain

Brainstem supports:

Answer 10

supports vital life
functions
– Medulla: heart rate and
respiration
– Pons: sleep and arousal

Question 11

Hindbrain

Cerebelllum involved in

Answer 11

involved in complex
rapidly changing movements
that require precise timing,
memory and learning

Question 12

Midbrain; associated with

tectum & tegmentum

Answer 12

vision,
hearing, motor control, sleep and
wakefulness, arousal (alertness), and
temperature regulation

Question 13

Midbrain

Tectum has the superior collicus and inferior collicus which are

Answer 13

superior collicus receives input from optic nerve

inferior collicus receives input from aitory nerve

both integrate information and give direct commands to muscles and spinal cord

Question 14

tegmentum

Answer 14

1) red nucleus (a role in motor
co-ordination)

2) substantia nigra (produces
dopamine, involved in motor-planning,
learning, addiction, and other functions)

3) ventral tegmental area
(contains a complex synaptic network of
neurons, primarily involved in
homeostasis and reflex actions)

–> is the largest dopamine-producing area in the brain, and
is heavily involved in the neural
reward system

Question 15

forebrain consists of

Answer 15

hypothalamus

thalamus

limbic system

basal ganglia

cerebral cortex

Question 16

hypothalamus

Answer 16

Motivation and emotion: sexual behavior, aggression, regulates temperature, sleeping, eating, direct contact with pituitary gland

Question 17

thalamus

Answer 17

Distributes all information to other parts where processing is going further (esp cerebral cortex)

Brain rececives light> brain takes picture

Look around: I see faces/ difference between boys or girls> brain: all info that’s mirrored from the eye and disconnected from visual field: what neurons only can do is becoming connected when I see certain angle: brain takes pictures of all different aspects: brain comprises it into one picture: not what light does to your eyes: it’s a construction of the environment

Question 18

limbic system coordinates behaviours
needed to satisfy motivational and emotional
urges

consists of;

Answer 18

Hippocampus: important for storing and retrieving memories which we can recall, stored in long term memory when important (when this is damaged you’re not able to store new memories, are able to store old ones, retrieving is usually possible) (connected to amygdala)

Cingulate gyrus:
conflict or error detection
remember u have 2 hemispheres, when u look at both of them just above corpus calossum, then u look at cingulate gyrus, so its in the middle of the two, becomes activated when not clear what best response is, I can do this or that, so need more process deep process before making decision. Right and ;eft part

Amygdala: able to respond quickly to stimuli, activated when stimulus is salient/important

Question 19

basal ganglia…

consists of

Answer 19

learning and controlling voluntary movements

– Caudate nucleus
– Putamen
– Globus pallidus

Question 20

cerebral cortex…

Answer 20

outer layer of brain called grey matter because there is no fatty substance myelinzation here and just dendrites

2 hemispheres connected via corpus callosum and consists of 4 lobes:

Frontal = motor, planning, thinking, working memory, execution of goal-directed
behaviour

• Parietal = tactile, somatic sensory information, orienting, associative functions
• Occipital= primary visual cortex
• Temporal= auditory cortex, perception of social stimuli, language

Question 21

frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex

Answer 21

motor, planning, thinking, working memory (WM), execution of goal-directed behavior

Question 22

parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex

Answer 22

tactile, somatic sensory information, orienting, associative functions

Question 23

occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex

Answer 23

primary visual cortex

Question 24

temporal lobe of cerebral cortex

Answer 24

auditory cortex, perception of social stimuli, language