HCARE_LEC2

Question 1

“Externally visible activity of an animal, in which a
coordinated pattern of sensory, motor, and associated
neural activity responds to changing external or
internal conditions.” (Beck, et. al, 1981)
→ A response to external and internal stimuli following the integration of (1) sensory, (2) neural, (3) endocrine, and (4) effector components.

Answer 1

Behavior

Question 2

→ “Observable activity of an organism; anything an
organism does that involves action and/or response to
stimulation.”
→is how someone acts and a response to things that are happening.

Answer 2

behavior

Question 3

CLASSIFICATIONS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR

Answer 3

→ Molecular or Molar
(unconscious or conscious)
→ Overt or Covert
(visible or invisible)
→ Voluntary or Involuntary
(controlled or uncontrolled)

Question 4

→ Everything you think and feel is controlled by
electrical and chemical activity in your brain and
the rest of your body.
→ Also known as the _____
▪ To these theorists, the body controls the mind and
not the other way around.

Answer 4

Biological Viewpoint; Psychiatrist’s point of view

Question 5

→neurotransmitter
→made up of amino acid tryptophan
(naturally found in nuts, cheese,
and red meat)
→found mostly in the gut
→regulates digestive functions such
as bowel function and appetite
→suppress the feeling of hunger
→low levels can lead to the
development of depression

Answer 5

SEROTONIN

Question 6

→neurotransmitter
→produced by tyrosine
→mostly stored in the brain found mostly in the gut
→controls body movement and coordination
→promotes the feeling of hunger
→low levels can lead to the
development of depression

Answer 6

DOPAMINE

Question 7

→ The psychologists try to explain the behaviors they’ve measured in terms of mental processes such as perceptions, motives, values, attitudes, and memories.
→ The mind dominates most bodily activities
→ Also known as the _____

Answer 7

Intrapsychic Viewpoint; Psychologist’s point of view

Question 8

→ One’s behavior can be explained in terms of their
physical, social, and cultural environment.

Answer 8

Social/Behavioral Viewpoint

Question 9

→ It is a nerve cell that is used for communicating
→ All 3 parts are necessary for transmitting necessary
messages through your body. Without these
messengers you could not perform the simplest action
or think a single thought (enumerate 3)

Answer 9

Neuron; Dendrite, Soma, Axon

Question 10

• the front end or input side of a neuron
  composed of a network of fibers
• receives info from other nerve cells

Answer 10

Dendrite

Question 11

• main part of the body of nerve cell
• receives inputs from other neurons
• neuron’s “housekeeper”
• most complex chem reactions in
  cellular metabolism happens here (this
  keeps the cell healthy)

Answer 11

Soma

Question 12

• action end or output system of the neuron
• stretches out from the soma like a branching telephone cable
• at the end of its cable are tiny fibers
  (____) that release chemicals
  that affect the dendrites and cell bodies
  of nearby neurons, or muscles and
  glands
• ______ = end of the axon, has
  axonic fibers where messages are being
  sent to another cell

Answer 12

axon; Axon terminals

Question 13

Three types of neurons and their classification:

Answer 13

MMe-BI-USa
Multipolar neuron: Motor neurons
Bipolar neuron: Interneurons
Unipolar neuron: Sensory neurons

Question 14

• also referred to as afferent neurons
• involved in relaying information from
  your (1) eyes, (2) ears, and (3) other
  sensory receptors, then to the brain

Answer 14

Sensory neurons

Question 15

• also referred to as efferent neurons
• involved in relaying messages from your
  brain to your muscles and glands

Answer 15

Motor neurons

Question 16

• convey impulses from one neuron to
  another in the brain and spinal cord.
• most brain’s neural activity is carried on
  by interneurons

Answer 16

Interneurons

Question 17

→ A large bundle of axons from many neurons

Answer 17

Nerve

Question 18

→ One axon, many dendrites (most common type)

Answer 18

Multipolar neuron

Question 19

→ One axon, one dendrite

Answer 19

Bipolar neuron

Question 20

→ A single extension branches in two directions, forming a receptive pole and an output zone

Answer 20

Unipolar neuron

Question 21

→ consists of the brain and spinal cord

Answer 21

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Question 22

→ consists mainly of nerves connecting the central
nervous system to the sense receptors as well as to
the muscles and glands

Answer 22

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Question 23

PNS is made up of:

Answer 23

▪ Somatic Nervous System
controls the voluntary muscles
▪ Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
controls the normal body functions (involuntary)
- Breathing, pumping out of blood from the heart

Question 24

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
→ is further subdivided into two major divisions:

Answer 24

▪ Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
responsible for the body’s flight and flight activities.
speeds up bodily activities such as heart rate,
breathing, and sweating.
▪ Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)
promotes breathing, digestion and secretion
turns off or slows down most activities
automatically aroused by the sympathetic system
conserves or builds up your body’s resources
controls nipple erection (in females) and penis
erection (in males)

Question 25

Five types of neurotransmitters

Answer 25

Acetylcholine (ACH) Dopamine Serotonin Endorphins GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid)

Question 26

- controls muscle contraction - found in the limbic system (forebrain) - utilized by the motor neurons of the spinal cord to the muscles and glands of the body - deficiency of ACH causes paralysis, forgetfulness and intellectual losses (leads to Alzheimer’s disease)

Answer 26

Acetylcholine (ACH)

Question 27

- involved in voluntary movements, learning, memory, and emotional behavior - located in the midbrain - an increase can lead to schizophrenia (mental disorder) - Parkinson’s: disease where a person progressively loses control of their muscles, producing tremors, uncoordinated movements - L - DOPA: slows progress of parkinson’s

Answer 27

Dopamine

Question 28

- inhibitory transmitter which is involved in body temperature, sleep, moods, and pain sensation - deficiencies cause anxiety, mood disorder, and insomnia - foods rich in carbohydrates increase serotonin which leads to drowsiness in women and calmness in men

Answer 28

Serotonin

Question 29

- occur in the brain and bloodstream - deficiency increases body pain - excess (due to morphine, heroin, and other opiates) inhibit pain

Answer 29

Endorphins

Question 30

- inhibitory neurotransmitter that regulates the excitatory action of the neuron - a deficiency will result in anxiety - Huntington's disease: inherited disease is a result of loss of GABA-activated neurons resulting to inability to control the movement of the arms and legs with loss of cognitive capabilities - excess leads to excitation of neurons may result to epilepsy or an intense repetitive convulsive seizure

Answer 30

GABA (γ-aminobuty ric acid)

Question 31

→ These glands exert their control system by releasing chemicals called hormones into your blood. → Hormones alter activity by affecting your nervous system like neurotransmitters

Answer 31

Endocrine Glands

Question 32

→ composed of epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenalin → located in the hindbrain → involved in wakefulness, learning process, memory, eating, and regulation of moods. → deficiency leads to depressive moods and excess will lead to arousal and wakefulness → their release is under the control of the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 32

Catecholamines

Question 33

→ Weighs about 3lbs. → Master organ of the body → The seatbelt of self-awareness, the locus of intelligence, compassion, and creativity

Answer 33

brain

Question 34

Lower Management: Hindbrain & Midbrain → ____ ▪ Lowest level making management decisions. When you touch a stove, sensory-motor connections in your spinal cord withdraw your hand even before your higher levels of conscious awareness are notified. → ____ ▪ An enlargement of the brain stem involved in regulating bodily functions (e.g., breathing, heart rate, blood pressure) and certain reflexes. Also involved in conveying messages to higher brain centers. → ____ ▪ A bulb-like structure at the top of the brain involved in head movements (e.g., chewing or swallowing) and postural reflexes (keeps your balance as you move or stand). Also involved in conveying messages to higher brain centers. → ____ ▪ Distinct ball-like structure behind the brainstem and below the cerebrum. It is involved in coordination and balance. Thus, If there’s a problem in your gait, then most probably there’s a defect in your cerebellum. → ____ ▪ A small structure above the pons; that plays a role in arousal, vision, and hearing. Damage to this part leads to movement difficulties associated with Parkinson’s disease

Answer 34

Spinal Cord; Medulla; Pons; Cerebellum; Midbrain

Question 35

Upper Management: Forebrain → ____ ▪ The thin outer layer of the brain that contains millions of nerve cells (neurons) that influence most of what you think, feel, or do. → ____ ▪ The cortical “peel” that covers the biggest part of the brain where most of the important mental function takes place (e.g., writing song lyrics, performing scientific experiments). → ____ ▪ A structure deep within the brain that conveys sensory information to the cerebrum and other parts of the brain. → ____ ▪ Composed of the (1) hypothalamus, (2) hippocampus, and (3) amygdala, which is important in motivation and emotions. The latter two are also important in memory.

Answer 35

Cortex; Cerebrum; Thalamus; Limbic System

Question 36

→ Action taken by a person to maintain, attain, or regain good health and to prevent illness

Answer 36

Health Behavior

Question 37

→ Probability of a specific event occurring in a given timeframe ____Aspects of health in which an individual has control of (e.g., diet, smoking, sedentary lifestyle) ____Aspects of health an individual has no control of (e.g., gender, genetic makeup, environmental exposures)

Answer 37

Risk; Modifiable Risk; Non-modifiable Risk

Question 38

Is a drawing that shows the family unit of immediate interest and includes several generations using a series of circles, squares and connecting lines Allows us to see hereditary patterns of behavior, medical and psychological patterns that run through families

Answer 38

Genogram

Question 39

- Study of all the genes in the human genome and their interactions with other genes, the individual's environment, and the influence of cultural and psychosocial factors

Answer 39

Genomics

Question 40

____: A family's health risk increases if they are living in high crime areas, communities without adequate recreation or health resources, communities with noise pollution or chemical pollution ____: Determined by the relationship between the financial resources of a family and the demands on those resources

Answer 40

Environmental Risks; Social Risks; Economic Risks

Question 41

- Pattern of personal health habits and behavior defines individual and family lifestyle risk

Answer 41

Behavioral (Lifestyle) Risk

Question 42

Behavioral (Lifestyle) Risks:

Answer 42

● Diet and Health Metabolic Syndrome ● Physical Activity and Health ● Sleep Postprandial Somnolence ● Psychoactive Drugs

Question 43

______ ▪ Lowers the body’s overall energy level, reduces sensitivity to outside stimulation and in high doses, induces sleep ▪ Often decreases heart rate, respiration rate, muscular coordination and energy while dulling the senses ▪ Examples: alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines ______ ▪ Activates or excites the nervous system – causes the nerve fibers to release noradrenaline and other stimulating neurotransmitters ▪ These drugs don't give a person more energy but only spends its energy sooner and in greater quantities than it normally would ▪ Effect: Sleepiness, laziness, mental fatigue, possibly depression (due to the prevention of dopamine uptake) ▪ Examples: nicotine, cocaine, caffeine, amphetamines

Answer 43

Depressants; Stimulants

Question 44

______ ▪ Also called psychedelics (mind vision) ▪ Can produce hallucinations, cause intoxication and lead to altered perception and impaired judgment ▪ Physical effects are more constant, and it consists of CNS stimulation ▪ Chronic use of these drugs can lead to the psychological effects and impaired judgment They will mimic the effects of the neurotransmitters (serotonin and epinephrine), which lessens the pain They can also trick the brain into seeing things and hearing things that are not actually there ▪ Examples: LSD, psilocybin mushrooms and morning glory seeds LSD - Lysergic acid diethylamide which increases the production of neurotransmitters Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) which decreases the reaction in the brain ______ ▪ Known to be narcotics ▪ Substances that act on opioid receptors to produce morphine like effects ▪ Examples: Heroin and pain medications

Answer 44

Hallucinogens; Opioids

Question 45

Alcohol Moderation is defined by Health Authorities as:

Answer 45

▪ Males not more than 2 drinks per day (not >2) ▪ Females not more than 1 drink per day (not >1)

Question 46

____ - Consumes more than 2 drinks/day (Males), 1 drink/day (Female) ____ – 5 or more (Males) and 4 or more (Females) drinks on a single occasion ____ - takes the form of Heavy Drinking, Binge Drinking, or both Combination of heavy and binge drinking

Answer 46

Heavy Drinking; Binge Drinking; Excessive Drinking

Question 47

▪ Most widely used psychoactive drugs in the world ▪ Usually found in coffee, tea, chocolates, soft drinks, and various medications ▪ Moderate doses (100 to 300 mg/day) increase mental alertness and probably have little negative effect on health ▪ High doses can lead to insomnia, irritability, tremulousness, anxiety, cardiac dysrhythmia, GI disturbances, and headaches

Answer 47

Caffeine

Question 48

● Through their work, this group found that information alone is rarely enough to motivate one to act - individuals must know what to do and how to do it before they can take action and the information must be related to one's needs and accurate ● It is based on the assumption that the major determinant of preventive health behavior is disease avoidance. ● Limitation: it assumes that only those clients who have distorted or negative perceptions of the disease or recommended health action will fail to act. ● This model suggests that a person’s beliefs and a personal threat of an illness or disease together with their belief in the effectiveness of the recommended health behavior or action will predict the likelihood of a person on how he or she will be able to adapt.

Answer 48

HEALTH BELIEF MODEL