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MRCSalah anatomy > Head > Flashcards

Head Flashcards

1
Q

Which bones form the pterion?

A

-Temporal
-Parietal
-Sphenoid
-frontal

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2
Q

What is the clinical significance of the pterion?

A

-Middle meningeal artery runs behind it
-Trauma can result in extradural haematoma

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3
Q

What are the layers of the scalp?

A

-Skin
-Connective tissue
-Aponeurosis
-Loose areolar tissue
-Periosteum

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4
Q

What age do the cranial sutures ossify by?

A

-18-24 months

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5
Q

What happens if cranial sutures are fused at birth?

A

-Craniosynostosis
-Can result in developmental abnormalities

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6
Q

By which age does the mastoid bone develop?

A

2 years

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7
Q

What are the diploic veins of the skull?

A

Veins that drain the diploic space of the skull to the dural venous sinuses

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8
Q

Tear to which vessel might cause subdural haematoma?

A

Cerebral vein and bridging veins

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9
Q
A
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10
Q

5,29,32

A
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11
Q

5,27,29,32

A
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12
Q

What type of joint is the TMJ? What are its articulating surfaces

A

Bicondylar, synovial hinge joint

Articulating surfaces:
-Head of mandible
-Mandibular fossa of temporal bone
-Artiular tubercle (of temporal bone)

A condyloid joint (also called condylar, ellipsoidal, or bicondylar) is an ovoid articular surface, or condyle that is received into an elliptical cavity. This permits movement in two planes, allowing flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction.

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13
Q

Mouth open

A
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14
Q

What movements does the mandible do, what muscles carry out each?

A
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15
Q

What muscles are involved in opening mouth?

A

DLGM
-Digastric
-Lateral pterygoid
-Geniohyoid
-Mylohyoid

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16
Q
A
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17
Q

Location and contents of foramen ovale

A

Location:
-Sphenoid bone

Contents
-Otic ganglion
-V3 branch trigeminal
-Accessory meningeal artery
-Lesser petrosal nerve
-Emissary veins

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18
Q

Location and contents of foramen spinosum

A

Location
-Sphenoid bone

Contents
-Middle meningeal branch of mandibular nerve
-Middle meningeal artery

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19
Q

Foramen rotundum location and contents

A

-V2

Location
-Sphenoid bone

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20
Q

Foramen lacerum

A

Location:
-Sphenoid bone

Contents:
-ICA (passes along superior surface but does not traverse it)
-Vidian nerve (nerve of pterygoid canal–> formed by union of deep petrosal and greater petrosal )
-Artery of the pterygoid canal

Vidian nerve innervates pterygopalatine ganglion: parasympathetic to nasal and lacrimal glands. Greater petrosal provides parasympathetic from facial nerve

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21
Q

Location and contents of optic canal

A

Location:
-sphenoid bone

Contents
-Optic nerve + 3 layers of dura –> meningeal infection is seen as papilloedema
-Opthalmic artery
-Sympathetic nerves

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22
Q

Superior orbital fissure location and contents

A

Location:
-Sphenoid bone

Contents
-Superior and inferior division oculomotor nerve
-Trochlear nerve
-All 3 branches V1 (NFL)
-Abducens nerve
-Superior and inferior ophthalmic veins

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23
Q

Carotid canal

A

Location
–> temporal bone

Contents: ‘side’
–> sympathetic plexus around artery
–> internal carotid artery
–> deep petrosal nerve
–> emissary veins

24
Q

Location and contents of jugular foramen

A

Location:
-Temporal bone

Anterior compartment: inferior petrosal sinus
Intermediate: 9,10,11
Posterior: sigmoid sinus (becoming IJ), meningeal branches from occipital and ascending pharyngeal arteries

25
Q

Stylomastoid foramen location and contents

A

-Stylomastoid artery
-Facial artery

26
Q

Foramen magnum

A

Bone: occipital bone

Contents:
-Arteries: vertebral arteries forming basilar artery, anterior and posterior spinal arteries
-Veins: spinal veins
-Nerve: Spinal part of accessory nerve (ascends up and joins cranial part of accessory nerve to exit via jugular foramen)
-Soft tissue: End of medulla and beginning of spinal cord, meninges

27
Q
A
28
Q
A
29
Q
A
30
Q

Identify:
-Trigeminal impression for trigeminal ganglion
-Squamous part of temporal bone
-Tegmen Tympani
-Frontal crest
-Clivus
-Groove for transverse sinus
-Internal occipital protuberance
-Hypoglossal canal

  1. What is the cranial nerve track on the clivus?
  2. What juvenile structure forms the clivus?
A
  1. Abducens nerve
  2. Spheno-occipital synchondrosis
31
Q

What are the benign tumours of the posterior cranial fossa

A

-Haemangioblastoma
-Acoustic neuroma
-Ependymoma
-Ependymoblastoma

32
Q
A
33
Q

What muscles attach to the styloid process

A

-Styloglossus
-Stylopharyngeus
-Stylohyoid

34
Q

What are the causes of lytic skull lesions?

A

-Lytic skeletal metastasis
-Multiple myeloma
-Paget’s disease
-Sarcoidosis
-Osteomyelitis
-Haemangioma

35
Q

Identify the anterior cranial fossa and its borders

A

Anterior/lateral border:
-Inner surface of the frontal bone

Posterior medial:
-Limbus of sphenoid bone: the limbus is a bony ridge that forms the anterior border of the prechiasmatic sulcus (a groove running between the right and left optic canals).

Posterior lateral:
-Lesser wings of sphenoid bone

Floor:
-Frontal bone, ethmoid bone, anterior aspect of body and lesser wing of sphenoid bone

Foramina
-Anterior ethmoid foramen
-Posterior ethmoid foramen

36
Q

Describe the boundaries and contents of the middle cranial fossa

A

Anterior and lateral: lesser wing of sphenoid bone

Anterior and medial: limbus of sphenoid bone

Posterior and lateral: Superior border of petrous part of the temporal bone

Posterior and medial: dorsum sellae of sphenoid bone

Floor:
-Body and greater wing of sphenoid
-squamous and petrous parts of the temporal bone

Contents
–> temporal lobe

37
Q

Identify the borders of the posterior cranial fossa

A

Anteromedial: dorsum sellae of the sphenoid bone

Anterolateral: superior border of petrous part of the temporal bone

Posterior: internal surface of the squamous part of the occipital bone

Floor:
–> mastoid part of the temporal bone
–> squamous, condylar and basilar parts of occipital bone

38
Q

Where are the cavernous sinuses?

A

There are two cavernous sinuses lying either side of the sella turcica

39
Q

Where do the cavernous sinuses drain blood from and to?

A

From:
-Superior ophthalmic vein
-Facial veins
-Emissary veins from pterygoid plexus
-Sphenoparietal sinuses

To:
-Superior and inferior petrosal sinuses
-IJV
-Intercavernous sinus

40
Q

Contents of the cavernous sinus

A

Lateral wall:
-Oculomotor
-Trochlear
-Ophthalmic (V1)
-Maxillary (V2)

Within cavernous sinus itself:
-internal Carotid
-Abducens (6)

41
Q

What is the clinical significance of the cavernous sinus?

A

Cavernous sinus thrombosis
-Infections from danger area of face (drained by ophthalmic and facial veins) can spread to the cavernous sinus as they are valveless and cause cavernous sinus thrombosis

42
Q

What are the signs of cavernous sinus thrombosis?

A

-Painful swelling of the eye
-CN palsy of 6, 3, 4, V1, V2

43
Q
A
44
Q

Describe cavernous sinus syndrome

A

-Cavernous sinus syndrome is most often caused by cavernous sinus tumours
-Diagnosis is based on signs of pain, ophthalmoplegia, proptosis, trigeminal nerve lesion (ophthalmic branch) and horner’s syndromes

45
Q
A
46
Q
A
47
Q

What are the paired dural venous sinuses?

A

-Sphenoparietal
-Superior petrosal
-Sigmoid
-Cavernous
-Transverse
-Inferior petrosal

48
Q

What are the unpaired dural venous sinuses?

A

-Superior sagittal
-Inferior sagittal
-Straight
-Occipital
-Anterior intercavernous
-Posterior intercavernous
-Basilar venous plexus

49
Q

What is the major vein draining the brain parenchyma

A

Great cerebral vein

50
Q

Describe the location of the straight sinus

A

Junction between tentorium cerebelli and the falx

51
Q

What is the blood supply to temporalis muscle

A

Deep temporal (anterior and posterior) from maxillary arteryW

52
Q

What supplies the scalp over the temporalis?

A

Superfiical temporal artery from ECA

53
Q

What are the regions drained by pre-auricular lymph nodes?

A

-Upper half of face
-Temporal region
-Auricle and external auditory meatus
-Gums

54
Q

What is the roof of the middle ear?

A

Tegmen tympani

55
Q

How do middle ear infections enter the skull?

A

Direct erosion of tegmen
May also spread to mastoid air cells causing mastoiditis

56
Q
A

MRCSalah anatomy (15 decks)

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