Head and Neck Flashcards by Mason Heywood

Branches of external carotid artery.

From inferior to superior

Superior thyroid
Ascending pharyngeal
Lingual
Facial
Occipital 
Posterior Auricular
Maxillary
Transverse facial
Superficial Temporal

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Pterion

Weakest part of the skull

Point corresponding with the posterior end of the sphenoparietal suture

It marks the junction between three bones:
the parietal bone
the squamous part of temporal bone
the greater wing of sphenoid bone

Middle meningeal artery runs underneath the pterion

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Cranial Nerve I

Olfactory Nerve- Sensory (smell) - Foramen: cribiform plate of ethmoid bone

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Cranial Nerve II

Optic Nerve- Sensory (vision) - Foramen: Optic canal of sphenoid

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Cranial Nerve III

Oculomotor Nerve

Motor nerve:
Somatomotor, muscle of eye movement except lateral rectus and superior oblique

PSNS to ciliary ganglion- innervation of sphincter pupillae and cilliary muscles

Foramen: Superior orbital Fissure

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Cranial Nerve IV

Trochlear Nerve

Motor nerve: superior oblique muscle

Foramen: Superior orbital fissure

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Cranial Nerve V

Trigeminal

Motor and sensory

V1 - Opthalmic Nerve - Sensory
V2 - Maxillary Nerve - Sensory
V3 - Mandibular Nerve - Branchiomotor, sensory

Foramen:
Superior Orbital Fissure
Foramen Rotundum
Foramen Ovale (with lesser petrosal from CN9)

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Opthalmic Nerve

Branch of Trigeminal Nerve, CN V1

Exits skull via superior orbital fissure

General sensation from skin and mucosa in region at and above orbit

Major branches: Lacrimal, Frontal, Nasociliary, and Meningeal branch

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Maxillary Nerve

Branch of Trigeminal Nerve, CN V2

Exits skull via Foramen Rotundum to pterygopalatine fossa

General sensation from skin and mucosa in region from orbit to mouth

Major branches: Infraorbital, Zygomatic, Nasopalatine, and Palatine branch

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Mandibular Nerve

Branch of Trigeminal Nerve, CN V3

Exits via foramen ovale with lesser petrosal from CN9

Branchiomotor - Muscles of mastication, tensor tympani, tensor villi palatini, mlohyoid, anterior belly digastric

General sensation - skin and mucosa from region at and below the mouth

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Cranial Nerve VI

Abducens Nerve

Motor Nerve: Lateral Rectus

Foramen: Superior orbital fissure

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Cranial Nerve VII

Facial Nerve

Motor and sensory

Foramen:
Internal acoustic meatus-> facial canal-> stylomastoid foramen

facial canal-> middle ear-> chorda tympani-> petrotympanic fissure

greater superficial petrosal-> pterygoid canal

Branchiomotor - Muscles of facial expression, Stapedius, Stylohyoid, Mylohyoid, Posterior belly digastric

[Major Motor Branches: Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Mandibular, Cervical, and Posterior Auricular]

Special Sensory - Anteriror 2/3 tongue

Visceromotor - Submandibular and sublingual glands, Lacrimal, nasal, and palatine glands

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Cranial Nerve VIII

Vestibulocochlear Nerve

Sensory Nerve (hearing and balance)

Foramen: Internal Auditory Meatus

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Cranial Nerve IX

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

Motor and Sensory

Foramen: Jugular Foramen

Branchiomotor - Stylopharyngeus
Special Sensory - Posterior 1/3 of tongue
Viscerosensory - Middle ear, Auditory tube, Pharynx, Larynx, Carotid Sinus

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Cranial Nerve X

Vagus Nerve

Motor and Sensory

Foramen: Jugular Foramen

Branchiomotor - Larynx, Pharynx
General Sensory - Auricle, external auditory meatus
Viscerosensory - Mucosa of the larynx
Visceromotor - PSNS to thorax and abdomen

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Cranial Nerve XI

Spinal Accessory Nerve

Motor nerve

Foramen:
enters by foramen magnum-> exits by jugular foramen

Branchiomotor - Trapezius, Sternocleidomastoid

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Cranial Nerve XII

Hypoglossal Nerve

Motor nerve

Foramen: Hypoglossal canal

Somatomotor - All tongue muscles except palatoglossus

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Bones of the nasal cavity

Ethmoid, body and medial plate of sphenoid, Palatine, Maxilla, Vomer

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Pterygopalatine fossa

Walls:
–Roof: body of sphenoid
–Medial: perpendicular plate of the palatine bone
–Anterior: posterior wall of maxilla
–Posterior: sphenoid

Contents:

Maxillary artery
Maxillary nerve
Pterygopalatine ganglion

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Pterygopalatine ganglion branches

Nasopalatine nerve
Greater palatine nerve
Lesser palatine nerve
Posterior superior lateral nasal branch
Pharyngeal branch of maxillary nerve

Nerve of Pterygoid canal
-Greater petrosal (from facial nerve to lacrimal gland)

Branches to V2

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Branches of Maxillary artery

First part:
Deep auricular artery
Anterior tympanic artery
Middle meningeal artery
Inferior alveolar artery
Accessory meningeal artery

SECOND PART:
Deep temporal arteries (anterior and posterior)
Buccal artery

THRID PART:
Posterior superior alveolar artery
Sphenopalatine artery (Nasopalatine artery is the terminal branch of the Maxillary artery)
Descending Palatine

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Jugular Foramen

route of exit for the glossopharyngeal (IX), Vagus (X), Accessory (XI) nerves, as well as the Internal jugular vein.

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Tic Douloureux

Trigeminal neuralgia (similuner or gasserian neuralgia)

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Kesselback’s Plexus

Anterior ethmoid Artery
Superior Labial Artery
Sphenopalatine Artery

Connon site of epistaxis (nosebleed)

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Nerve at risk when removing submandibular gland.

Lingual nerve. (sensory innervation of the tongue and taste fibers for anterior 2/3 from VII)

All extrinsic muscles of the tongue are innervated by XII except

Palatoglossus (X)

Gag reflex

Afferent (sensory) - IX | Efferent (motor) - X

Pupil Reflex

Afferent - Optic Nerve (II) to Edinger Westphal | Efferent - Oculomotor (III) to ciliary ganglion

Edinger-Westphal

PSNS nucleus of Occulomotor Nerve supplying the constricting/accomodating muscles of the iris via ciliary ganglia.

Superior Sailvatory

Visceromotor (PSNS) of Facial Nerve 1. Fibers in greater petrosal nerve to PT ganglia to innervate mucus membranes of the nose, palate, pharynx and lacrimal duct of the eye 2. Fibers via chorda tympani to submandibular ganglia to submandibular and sublingual glands

Inferior Salivaory

PSNS fibers of Glossopharyngeal Nerve through the tympanic plexus and lesser petrosal nerve to the Otic ganglion. Post synaptic fibers travel with madibular nerve (V3) to auriculotemporal nerve then to Parotid gland.

Dorsal Motor Nucleus

Cranial nerve nucleus for preganglionic PSNS of Vagus

PSNS Ganglia of the Head

Ciliary - CN III - pupil constriction and accommodation Otic - CN IX - parotid gland Pterygopalatine - CN VII - Lacrimal gland and nasal mucosa Submandibular - CN VII - submandibular and sublingual glands

Corneal Reflex/ Blink Reflex

Afferent - Ophthalmic Nerve (V1) | Efferent - Facial Nerve (VII) to orbicularis occuli muscle

Geniculate Ganglion

Sensory, motor, and PSNS fiber bundles of facial nerve Cell bodies for taste via chorda tympani, and palate via greater petrosal,

Lesion of greater petrosal nerve

lack of secretion in lacrimal, nasal, and oral glands

Lesion in lingual nerve after joining with chorda tympani

Loss of sensation (lingual) and taste (chordatympani) in anterior 2/3 of tongue.

Lesion of lesser petrosal nerve

Lack of secretion of parotid gland (sensory intact)

Vidian Nerve

Nerve of pterygoid canal 1. Greater petrosal - PSNS, CN VII 2. Deep petrosal - SNS - sweat glands of the face

Horner's Syndrome

Partial ptosis, miosis (pupil constriction), decreased sweating, flushing of the face. Lesion of the SNS, often due to a pancoast tumor (tumor of the pulmonary apex resulting in compression of the sympathetic ganglia of the neck)

Frey's Syndrome

Lesion in auriculotemporal nerve near the parotid gland. Often due to surgery of the parotid gland or surrounding area. Sweating of the face when tasting/smelling or thinking about food.

Nucleus Ambiguous

Efferent motor fibers of the Vagus supplying the laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles

Posterior fontanelle

Junction of the sagittal and lambdoidal sutures

Treacher Collins

Failure of 1st pharyngeal arch development. Small mandible, zygomatic arch, drooping of lower eye lids.

Chorioretinitis

Inflammation of the choroid and retina can be caused by maternal toxoplasma gondii infection in 1st trimester.

Yellow brown color of child's teeth

Mother treated with tetracyclines in pregnancy

Loss of taste at tip of tongue

geniulate gangion

Painful Eyeball

Abscess compressing ophthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve

Dry nasal cavity and dry eye

superior salivatory nucleus affected

No general sensation in anterior tongue but taste intact

Lingual nerve lesion proximal to junction with chorda tympani

Tumor in jugular foramen

loss of gag reflex

Occulomotor Damage

Ptosis, dilated pupil, eye deviated down and lateral

Inability to abduct the eye with absence of corneal reflex

tumor in superior orbital fissure

Hyperacusis

over-sensitivity to sound. (involves in-part the facial nerve)

Dereased tear production

lesion of greater petrosal nerve

Hearing loss, loss of taste and drooling from the corner of the mouth

Tumor in the internal acoustic meatus

TMJ pain

auriculotemporal nerve from mandibular nerve

Damage to superior laryngeal nerve

Decreased sensation above vocal folds

Nerve along palatine tonsilar bed

glossopharyngeal nerve

Aneurysm of posterior inferior cerebellar artery

Compression of accessory nerve, difficulty in shrugging shoulder, etc.

Monotone and poor pitch control

damage to external laryngeal nerve.

Head and Neck Flashcards

(61 cards)