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HEENT Clin Med > Head and Neck CA > Flashcards

Head and Neck CA Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary form of cancer seen in the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx

A

SCC

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2
Q

What are the major risk factors for oral cancer

A

Tobacco
Alcohol
HPV

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3
Q

What type of tobacco use increases risk for head and neck cancer

A

Cigar and pipe smoking

*Chewing tobacco -> mouth cancer

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4
Q

Which types of HPV put people at greater risk of head and neck cancer

A

16

*Generally not smokers or drinkers

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5
Q

What is the major cause of nasopharyngeal cancer in the US

A

EBV

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6
Q

Where is nasopharyngeal cancer more commonly seen

A

southern china

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7
Q

What nut is independently carcinogenic and can cause a major increase in oral SCC

A

Betel Nut

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8
Q

What is a clinical presentation of cancer in the oral cavity

A

non-healing mouth or lip ulcer/masses

loosening of teeth
ill fitting dentures

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9
Q

What sign do those with carcinoma of the tongue have

A

neck mass

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10
Q

When is supraglottic cancer generally diagnosed

A

once in late stage because of airway obstruction or sever lymphadenopathy

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11
Q

How do you diagnose head and neck cancer

A

biopsy with immediate referral to EENT

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12
Q

What does an panendoscopy include

A

laryngoscopy
bronchoscopy
esophagoscopy

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13
Q

What are the different categories of neck masses

A

congenital
infectious / inflammatory
malignant

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14
Q

What are the types of congenital neck mass

A

branchial cleft cyst
thyroglossal cleft cyst
vascular abnormalities

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15
Q

What age range has neck masses that are most commonly inflammatory or congenital

A

0-16 years

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16
Q

After what age are most neck masses malignant

A

40

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17
Q

What is the first imaging study for neck masses

A

CT

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18
Q

What type of bx is used for neck mass diagnosis

A

FNA

19
Q

Where are occult primaries commonly found

A

base of tongue
tonsil
hypopharynx
nasopharynx

20
Q

Where are the most common metastatic sites of head and neck cancer

A

lung
liver
bone

21
Q

Where are second primary sites for head and neck cancer

A

head and neck
lung
esophagus

22
Q

What is the TNM system

A

Tumor: Extent of primary tumor

Nodes: Regional nodal involvement

Mets

23
Q

What causes T staging to increase

A

as the tumor grows / becomes fixed to other structures or invades other structures

24
Q

What is the range for tumor staging

A

TX
T0
TIS
T1-T4

25
Q

What is the range for nodal staging

A

NX
N0- N3

26
Q

What is included with the nodal staging

A

Number
Location
Size

27
Q

What is the range for mets staging

A

M0-M1

28
Q

How are stage 1 nd 2 head and neck cancer generally treated

A

surgery / radiation

29
Q

What is the gold standard for treating locally advanced head and neck cancer

A

Chemoradiation

30
Q

What is the overall survival of head and neck cancer

A

60%

31
Q

Which type of head and neck cancer has the better prognosis

A

HPV related

32
Q

What are premalignant lesions seen with head and neck cancer

A

leukoplakia
Erythroplakia

33
Q

What is leukoplakia

A

White patch on oral mucosa that cannot be scraped off

34
Q

What is erythroplakia

A

red patch on the oral mucosa

35
Q

What type of cancer generally develops from erythroplakia

A

invasive carcinoma

36
Q

What is hairy leukoplakia

A

EBV induced lesion
NOT premalignant
painless white plaque

37
Q

What is the most common site for nasal/paranasal cancer

A

maxillary sinus

38
Q

What are the risk factors for nasal/paranasal cancer

A

occupational exposure
tobacco

39
Q

What is the most common pathogen for nasal/paranasal cancer

A

SCC

40
Q

How to people commonly present with nasal/paranasal cancer

A

pain
nasal obstruction
cranial neuropathy
epistaxis

41
Q

how do you diagnose nasal/paranasal cancer

A

biopsy

42
Q

Do nasal/paranasal cancers involve lymph nodes

A

not usually

*but generally have bony invasion

43
Q

What is the common cause of death with nasal/paranasal cancer

A

Local invasion

*Paranasal has better prognosis that nasal

44
Q

Where are salivary gland tumors most commonly found

A

parotid gland (mostly bengin)

*If tumors are found in other glands- likely to be malignant

HEENT Clin Med (7 decks)

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