head and neck pathology

Question 1

what are the benefits of using ultrasound

Answer 1

• real time imaging
• great for assessing superficial structures
• readily available, cheap, portable

Question 2

for a neck ultrasound, how many ultrasound sweeps are done

Answer 2

7

Question 3

what are the 7 ultrasound sweeps of the neck

Answer 3

1. submental
2. submandibular
3. parotid
4. down side neck for lymph nodes
5. supraclavicular fossa
6. posterior neck
7. thyroid

Question 4

what does ROSE stand for in ultrasound

Answer 4

rapid on site evaluation

Question 5

what does rapid on site evaluation allow

Answer 5

• immediate feedback
• quality prep
• reduction in no of procedures
• reduced referral to treatment/waiting times

Question 6

What are 2 types of salivary gland lesions

Answer 6

• warthins tumour
• pleomorphic adenoma

Question 7

what is warthins tumour

Answer 7

benign parotid tumour

Question 8

what is pleomorphic adenoma

Answer 8

benign salivary gland tumor (parotid in particular) originating from epithelial and my-epithelial cells

Question 9

what is squamous cell carcinmoa

Answer 9

skin cancer

Question 10

where is squamous cell carcinoma derived from

Answer 10

• mucosal epithelium in oral cavity, pharynx and larynx

Question 11

what is lymphoma and its symptoms

Answer 11

• enlarged nodes / cancer of lymphs
• weight loss, night sweats, tiredness, fever

Question 12

what is sarcoma

Answer 12

general term for a broad group of cancers that begin in the bones and in the soft (also called connective) tissues (soft tissue sarcoma)

Question 13

thyroid cancer
tongue based tumours
sarcoma
lymphoma
squamous cell carcinoma
are all pathologies of neck

Question 14

what are thyroid nodules

Answer 14

overgrowth of cells in the thyroid gland.

• may or may not be malignant

Question 15

what is a sialogram

Answer 15

xray of the salivary ducts and glands

Question 16

where is contrast injected during a sialogram

Answer 16

into the parotid gland duct

Question 17

what are the 3 major salivary glands

Answer 17

• submandibular
• sublingual
• parotid

Question 18

which duct drains saliva from the parotid gland into the mouth at the spanning the area of the upper cheek>

Answer 18

stensons duct

Question 19

the submandibular glands make 70% of saliva, which duct does this saliva travel from the submandibular gland and where is it

Answer 19

• whartons duct
• located on the floor of the mouth underneath the front of the tongue

Question 20

sublingual glands reside underneath the tongue and supply saliva to floor of mouth too

Question 21

what is lymphodenopathy

Answer 21

pathology of lymph nodes

Question 22

identify what a normal thyroid looks like on ultrasound and compare it to one that has a nodule for example (check image in row)

Question 23

what are some reasons for the cause of salivary gland pathology which would require a sialogram for inspection

Answer 23

• Blocked or narrow salivary ducts

-Salivary gland stones, known as calculi or sialolithiasis

-Salivary gland infection or sialadenitis

-Salivary gland inflammation or sialectasis

-Salivary gland tumor

Question 24

describe how a sialogram is performed

Answer 24

find video or website

Question 25

be aware that things can go wrong with the glands and we use sialograms to image it