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Head Lab Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

Pinna or auricle

A

part o the external ear that is the flap of skin and cartilage that helps funnel sound to the opening of the external ear canal (external acoustic meatus)

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2
Q

auricular cartilage

A

determines the form of the pinna. stiffer auricular cartilage results in erect ears, while floppy pinnae have softer auricular cartilage

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3
Q

aural haematoma

A

a condition where blood accumulates between the skin of the pinna and the auricular cartilage

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4
Q

caudal auricular vein (marginal ear vein)

A

blood vessel visible at the edge of the dorsal pinna

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5
Q

caudal auricular artery

A

the blood vessel running along the middle of the pinna

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6
Q

opening of the external ear canal

A

found ventrally amongst the folds of skin covered cartilage. Initially courses ventrally from the opening (vertical ear canal) before it turns and continues in a horizontal direction towards the median plane (horizontal ear canal)

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7
Q

tympanic membrane

A

separates the external ear canal from the middle ear

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8
Q

Nasal planum

A

area of hairless skin on the muzzle featuring a median groove

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9
Q

philtrum

A

the groove at the nasal planum that continues to the upper lip

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10
Q

nares

A

nostrils, air moves through here n its way to the respiratory tract

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11
Q

alar fold

A

forms the lateral part of the nare

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12
Q

nasolabial plate

A

the area of modified skin of the upper lip in cattle

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13
Q

rostral plate

A

an extensive area of modified skin on a pigs muzzle

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14
Q

nasal diverticulum /false nostril

A

a blind ended sac just within the dorsal aspect of the nostril in horses

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15
Q

cornea

A

the clear outer layer of the eyeball

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16
Q

sclera

A

white of the eye

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17
Q

limbus

A

where the cornea and sclera join

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18
Q

pupil

A

seen through the cornea, appears black and can range in shape and orientation. dilates and constricts to control the amount of light entering the eye

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19
Q

iris

A

the coloured part of the eye

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20
Q

cats pupil chape

A

vertical orientation, slit-like appearance when constricted. rounds when dilated

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21
Q

pupil shape in dogs

A

round when constricted and when dilated

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22
Q

pupil shape of horses and ruminants

A

horizontal slit-like that become rounded when dilated

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23
Q

iridic granules/ corpora nigra

A

prominent structures found in horses and camelids that are found along the dorsal margin of the pupil. thought to help reduce the amount of light that reaches the retina.
also found in ruminants, but smaller

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24
Q

adnexal structures

A

supporting structures surrounding an organ

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25
orbit
the eye socket that the eyeball sits in. surrounded by retrobulbar fat and extraocular muscles responsible for moving the eye
26
palpebrae
upper and lower eyelids that act to protect the ye and move in unison as the animal blinks
27
cilia
eyelashes that are resent along the eyelid margins
28
palpebral conjunctiva
a pink membrane that covers the inside of the eyelids
29
bulbar conjunctiva
a thin membrane that attaches to the outer surface of the sclera
30
canthi (canthus)
the skin at the edges of the eye where the upper and lower eyelids meet
31
medial/ lateral canthus
on the medial or lateral side of the eye
32
nictitating membrane / third eyelid
appears as a whitish-pink membrane towards the medial side of the eye and offers protection for they eye
33
lacrimal apparatus
consists of the lacrimal gland, other tear producing glands, and a duct system that carries tears out of the eye into the nasal cavity
34
lacrimal gland
situated dorsolaterally to the eye between the eyeball and the orbit. produces a significant component of the tear film that helps lubricate, protect, and nourish they eye
35
lacrimal puncta
small slits present on the inside of the upper and lower eyelids towards the medial canthus where tears drain out
36
nasolacrimal duct
opens to the nasal cavity, tear drain though here
37
borders of the oral cavity
oral cavity begins at the lips, rostrally and stops at the palatoglossal arches caudally- everything caudal to this point is a component of the oropharynx
38
hard palate
a bony shelf formed by multiple bones of the skull that is the dorsal border of the oral cavity
39
tongue
a very vascular structure that forms the ventral border of the oral cavity and extends caudally into the oropharynx. has a free apex which allows for the manipulation of food
40
buccal mucosa
the inner aspects of the cheeks along the lateral border of the mouth
41
vestibule
the area between the lips/cheeks and the teeth/jaw margins. some rodents have enlargements of vestibules where they can store food
42
commissure of the lips
the area where the upper and lower lips meet caudally
43
root (caudal aspect) of the tongue
attaches to the hyoid bone
44
frenulum
the fold of the mucous membrane that extends from the underside of the tongue to the floor of the mouth
45
sublingual caruncles
saliva enters the mouth through these beneath the tongue
46
keritanised papillae
also called spines, cover cats' tongues
47
torus
a large bulge at the caudal aspect of the ruminant tongue
48
buccal papillae
a feature of the ruminant mouth found on the inner surface of their lips and cheeks
49
palatine tonsils
visible on either side of the ropharynx
49
soft palate
dorsal border of the oropharynx that continues into the hard palate and separates the oropharynx from the nasopharynx
50
nasalpharynx
the caudal continuation of the nasal cavity
51
laryngopharynx
where the oropharynx and the nasopharynx converge. the most caudal aspect og the pharynx assists in funneling food to the esophagus
52
crown
part of a tooth that sits above gingiva
53
roots
part of a tooth that sits below the gingiva
54
gingiva
gumline
55
enamel
a very resistant, calcified and slightly opalescent white material that encases the crown
56
cementum
a softer, less shiny, and yellowish tissue that encases the root
57
pulp
a very delicate connective tissue which is highly perfused and innervated and is found deep to the dentine cavity
58
alveolar bone
tooth sockets in the incisive, maxillary, and mandibular bones where the tooth is firmly attached to.
59
periodontal ligament
attaches the tooth to the alveolar bone
60
incisors
small, peg like teeth that are crowded together at the rostral part of the jaw and have a single root . used to divide food before it is taken into the mouth
61
canines
large and curved teeth that have a single root and are used as a tool during aggressive situations and to hold prey
62
premolars
medium sized pyramid-shaped to cuboidal teeth, most with multiple roots. together they form a discontinuous serrate cutting edge that aids in the cutting of food
63
molars
large cuboidal teeth with a flattish occlusal surface that most often have multiple roots, used principally for crushing
64
carnassial teeth
found in carnivores, the largest teeth among the premolars and molars. in the maxilla, the fourth premolar in the mandible, the first molar
65
deciduous teeth
smaller, primary teeth that re shed and replaced
66
cheek teeth
molar and pre-molar teeth in herbivores that are wider and flatter than in carnivores. designed to grind food, and aid in digestion.
67
permanent teeth
replace the deciduous teether
68
dental pad
a specialised gingiva in ruminants that takes the place of upper incisors
69
tushes
canine teeth in horses usually only present in males
70
wolf teeth
the first pre-molar of the upper jazw , presence varies between individuals
71
diastema
the large gap between cheek teeth and the incisors in herbivores (referred to as the 'bars' in horses because this is where the bit sits)
72
salivary glands
four salivary glands that are all named in relation to their location 1)parotid 2)zygomatic 3)mandibula 4)sublingual saliva is carried from the salivary glands into the mouth via salivary ducts. the parotid and zygomatic ducts pen adjacent to the upper pre-molars, while the mandibular and sublingual salivary ducts open at the sublingual caruncle
73
mandibular lymph nodes
near the mandibular salivary glands and routinely palpated during exams, found ventral to the angle of the mandible on both sides of the head in dogs ,cats, and ruminants and in the intermandibular space between the left and right mandibles in horses
74
facial artery
can be palpated medial to the body of the mandible just rostral to the masseter muscle
75
transverse facial artery
can be palpated caudoventrally to the eye
76
nasal cavity
inspired air flow though the nasal cavity via the nares. the left and right nasal cavities are separated by the nasal septum.
77
conchae or turbinates
curved shelves of bone inside the nasal cavity that are lined with ciliated respiratory epithelium that secretes mucous and fluid that traps microorganisms and forgein objects. plentiful blood supply also ensures that inspired air is warmed and humidified
78
auditory tube
connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx to help normalise pressure in the middle ear
79
guttural pouch
a air-filled outpouching of the auditory tube in horses.
80
larynx
a short tube comprised of several cartilages connected by ligaments and muscles - epiglottic cartilage (epiglottis) -arytenoid cartilage
81
epiglottis
a flap of cartilage located at the entrance to the larynx, acts as a switch between the larynx and the esophagus. allows air into the trachea adn food into the espophagus
82
arytenoid cartilages
endotracheal tubes are placed between these
83
trachea
continuous with the larynx, conducts air between the larynx and the bronchi. consists of C shaped rings of cartilage connected by smooth muscle
84
upper respiratory tract
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea
85
paranasal sinuses
hollowed parts of the skull that communicate with the nasal cavity and are lined with respiratory epithelium -frontal sinus -maxillary sinus
85
lower respiratory tract
bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
86
5 functional units of the CNS
cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, brainstem, sinal cord
87
cerebrum
the large area towards the rostral aspect of the brain consisting of two cerebral hemispheres that are separated laterally by the longitudinal fissure and joined together at the corpus callosum. the surface has numerous folds. peaks of the folds ar gyri and the troughs of the folds are sulci
88
cerebellum
positioned caudal to the cerebrum
89
diencephalon
consists of three parts. In order from dorsal to ventral, pineal gland, thalamus, and hypothalamus . pituitary gland is an endocrine gland present just ventral to the hypothalamus attached by a short stock
90
brainstem
located at the base of the skull and is positioned ventral to the cerebellum . made of three main parts. listed cranial to caudal, the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
91

Anatomy (11 decks)

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