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MBBS2/ANATOMY~HEAD & NECK > Head & Neck special senses > Flashcards

Head & Neck special senses Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

whats the function of the eye

A

self-focus light

adjusts light intensity

converts light into electrical impulses interpreted by brain

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2
Q

where are orbits located

A

upper half of face below anterior cranial fossa and anterior to the middle cranial fossa

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3
Q

whats the bony orbit

A

a pyramidal bony cavity of facial skeleton

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4
Q

the apex of the bony orbit extends

A

posteromedially -towards optic cavity

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5
Q

what 7 bones contribute to the framework of each orbit

A

maxilla

zygomatic

frontal

ethmoid

lacrimal

sphenoid

palatine

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6
Q

the bony orbit is lined by

A

periorbita which is fascia sheath of the eye

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7
Q

the periorbita is continuous at

A

optic canal

superior orbital fissure

inferior orbital fissure

dural fascia

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8
Q

what are the contents of the orbit

A

eyeball

optic nerve

extra-ocular muscles

lacrimal apparatus

adipose tissue

fascia

nerves and vessels

conjunctival sac

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9
Q

the orbital margin is formed by what bones

A

frontal
maxillary
zygomatic

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10
Q

how many walls does the orbit have

A

4 and apex

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11
Q

the superior wall (roof) of the orbit is formed by

A

orbital part of the frontal bone which has lacrimal fossa with lacrimal gland

lesser wing of sphenoid near the apex

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12
Q

the medial wall ( paper thin wall) of the orbit is formed by

A

ethmoid bone
frontal bone
lacrimal bone
sphenoid bone (body)

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13
Q

medial wall of the orbit is indented by

A

lacrimal fossa for lacrimal sac

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14
Q

what separates the 2 medial walls of the orbit

A

ethmoid sinuses

nasal cavity

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15
Q

what forms the inferior wall (floor) of the orbit

A

maxilla bone at the orbital surface

part of zygomatic and palatine bones

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16
Q

the lateral wall of the orbit is formed by

A

frontal process of zygomatic bone

greater wing of sphenoid bone

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17
Q

where is the apex of the orbit

A

at optical canal in lesser wing of sphenoid b one, medial to superior orbital fissure

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18
Q

what can cause exophthalmos

A

fracture of the orbit

blowout fracture- where there is intra-orbital bleeding

periorbital ecchymosis-where blows to periorbital causes bleeding and swelling

orbital tumors

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19
Q

what do eyebrows do

A

provide shade and are a shield for perspiration

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20
Q

what are eyelids (palpebrae)

A

skin covered folds with tarsal plates made of connective tissue

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21
Q

what does levator palpebrae superioris muscle do and what innervates it

A

opens eye

occulomotor nerve

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22
Q

superior tarsal muscle portion is what and what innervates it

A

smooth muscle

post ganglion sympathetic fibers

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23
Q

what accounts for accumulation of fluid (blood) when injured during periorbital ecchymosis

A

thin layer of connective tissue and loose arrangement

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24
Q

whats the sensory innervation of the eyelids

A

supra-orbital, supra-trochlear, infra-trochlear, infra-orbital nerves (v2) which are terminal branches of the frontal nerve, which is the largest branch of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve

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25
whats the motor innervation of the eyelids
branches of the : facial nerve (CN VII) which innervates palpebral part of orbicularis oculi oculomotor nerve (CN III) which innervates levator palpebral superioris sympathetic fibers which innervate superior tarsal muscle
26
what is the canthus
the corner of the eye
27
what does the lacrimal caruncle make
eye sand at medial corner
28
what do tarsal glands make
oil to slow drying of canthus
29
eyelash has what gland at the hair follicule
ciliary gland
30
eyelashes are sensitive to
touch
31
what does the mucous membrane of the eye do
it coats the inner surface of the eyelid (palpebral part) and then folds back onto the surface of the eye (ocular part)
32
what is the mucous membrane of the eye
a thin layer of connective tissue which is transparent | and shows blood vessels underneath (blood-shot eyes)
33
what lines the mucous membrane of the eye
stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells which secrete mucous to keep eyes moist
34
why is vitamin A necessary for all epithelial secretions
because its lack leads to conjunctiva drying up and the formation of scaly eye
35
lacrimal apparatus is involved in
production, movement and drainage of fluid on the surface of the eyeball
36
the lacrimal apparatus is composed of
lacrimal glands lacrimal duct (nasolacrimal duct) tears
37
describe the components of the lacrimal apparatus
lacrimal glands- which are superficial/lateral in orbit and produce tears lacrimal duct- is in the medial corner of the eye and carries tears to the nasal cavity (is closed in newborns and usually opens by 1 yr) tears- contain mucous, antibodies and lysozyme (anti-bacterial)
38
whats the pathway for tears
they're produced by the lacrimal gland~ then spread over eyeball~ then enter the lacrimal lake~ then Lacrimal canaliculi~ then lacrimal sac~ then nasolacrimal duct~ and out trough the inferior nasal meatus
39
what are the 2 groups of muscles within the orbit
extrinsic muscles- which are involved in movement of the eyeball and raising upper eyelids intrinsic muscles- which control the shape of the lens and size of the pupil
40
extrinsic muscles of the eye include
levator palpebrae superior rectus inferior rectus superior oblique inferior oblique medial rectus lateral rectus
41
what innervates the eye muscles
oculomotor abducent trochlear
42
innervation of the muscles of the eye can be summarized as
SO4, LR6 and remainder 3 i.e. Superior oblique is innervated by trochlea (CN IV) Lateral rectus is innervated by abducens (CN VI) The remaining 3 muscles are innervated by oculomotor nerve (CN III)
43
what are the eye movements
elevation- moving pupil superiorly depression-moving pupil inferiorly abduction- moving the pupil laterally adduction- moving the pupil medially
44
whats intorsion (internal rotation) of the eye and what causes it
medial (inward) rotation of the upper pole of cornea superior oblique and superior rectus
45
whats extorsion (external rotation) of the eye and what causes it
lateral (outward) rotation of the superior pole of the cornea inferior rectus and inferior oblique
46
axis of each orbit is directed
slightly lateral
47
axis of each eyeball is directed
anteriorly
48
whats the origin and insertion of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle
lesser wing of sphenoid to insert at the anterior surface of the tarsal
49
whats the function and innervation of the levator palpebrae superioris
elevation of upper eyelid oculomotor nerve (CN III)
50
superior tarsal muscle is what type of muscle is innervated by and does what
smooth muscle post ganglion sympathetic fibers from superior cervical ganglion maintains eyelid elevation
51
loss of function of either levator palpebrae or superior tarsal muscle results in
ptosis or drooping of the upper eyelid
52
loss of innervation of orbicularis oculi by facial nerve causes
inability to close the eye tightly and the lower eyelid droops away spilling tears
53
loss of innervation of levator palpebral superioris by oculomotor nerve causes what
inability to open the upper eyelid voluntarily producing a complete ptosis
54
loss of innervation of superior tarsal muscle by sympathetic fibers causes
constant partial ptosis
55
what causes Horner's syndrome
lesion e.g. tumor eroding the cervicothoracic ganglion which leads to sympathetic function in the head
56
Horner's syndrome is characterized by
pupillary constriction (miosis)- which is paralysis of the pupillary dilator muscle partial ptosis- which is paralysis of the superior tarsal muscle absence of ipsilateral sweating (loss of sweating of the face)
57
where do the rectus muscles of the eye originate from
a common tendinous ring at the apex of the orbit
58
where do the superior and inferior rectus muscles insert
anterior half of the eyeball - hence directed laterally
59
what is the movement and innervation of the: superior oblique lateral rectus medial rectus superior rectus inferior rectus inferior oblique
depresses eye, turns medially- trochlear (CN IV) turns laterally -abducens (CNVI) turns medially- oculomotor (CN III) elevates- oculomotor (CN III) depresses eye- oculomotor (CN III) elevates eye, turns laterally- oculomotor (CN III)
60
what is strabismus
a vision disorder in which the eyes don't properly align when looking at an object (the eye thats focused on an object can be altered)
61
strabismus can be categorized by
the direction of the turned or misaligned eye i.e. ``` inward turning (esotropia) outward turning (exotropia) upward turning (hypertropia) downward turning (hypotropia) ```
62
what are the 3 layers of the eye
outer fibrous layer middle vascular (pigmented) layer inner layer
63
a lesion at CN III will cause
complete ptosis (drooping of upper eyelid)
64
the external white fibrous coat of the eyeball consists of
sclera and cornea
65
whats the sclera
the white fibrous layer covering 5/6 of the eye
66
whats the cornea
the transparent structure forming the anterior 1/6 of the outer coat
67
the middle vascular pigmented coat of the eyeball consists of
the choroid ciliary body iris
68
whats the choroid and its function
outer pigmented and inner vascular layer which invests 5/6 of the eye it nourishes the retina and darkens the eye
69
whats the ciliary body
the thickened portion of the vascular coat between the choroid and iris
70
what does the ciliary body consist of
ciliary ring ciliary processes ciliary muscles
71
whats the iris
the thin contractile circular pigmented diaphragm with central aperture pf the pupil
72
the internal nervous coat consists of
retina - which is the outer pigmented inner nervous
73
whats the posterior and anterior part of then internal nervous coat like
posterior part- photosensitive anterior part- not photosensitive
74
what does the optic disc (blind spot) consist of
optic nerve fibers formed by axons of ganglion cells which connect to rods and cones
75
the optic disc has no
receptors hence is not photosensitive

MBBS2/ANATOMY~HEAD & NECK (13 decks)

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