health across the lifespan

Question 1

prenatal stages

Answer 1

Germinal,
Embryonic
Foetal

Question 2

Prenatal stage

Answer 2

Conception to birth

Question 3

infancy stage

Answer 3

Birth to 18 months

Question 4

early childhood

Answer 4

18 months to 5 years

Question 5

late childhood

Answer 5

6 years to 10 years

Question 6

adolescence

Answer 6

11 years to 18 years

Question 7

early adulthood

Answer 7

18 years to 40 years

Question 8

late adulthood

Answer 8

40 years to 64 years

Question 9

what is fertilization?

Answer 9

During sex, sperm is released into the vagina and travels to the fallopian tubes, where it may fertilize an ovum. Fertilization occurs when the sperm and ovum combine to form a zygote with 23 chromosomes from each parent.

Question 10

APGAR test

Answer 10

The Apgar Test is used to indicate how well the neonate is adapting to life outside the uterus. Assessments are made at 1 minute, 5 minutes and 10 minutes immediately after birth, and uses a scale to 10.
A – appearance (body colour)
P – pulse (heart rate)
G – grimace (reflex irritability)
A – activity (muscle tone)
R – respiration

Question 11

What are key features of physical development in early childhood?

Answer 11

It’s the second fastest period of growth; birth weight doubles by 6 months and triples by 12 months. Body proportions change, senses develop, and reflexes are replaced by gross and fine motor skills.

Question 12

How does emotional and social health develop in early childhood?

Answer 12

Children form emotional connections, develop friendships, grow in independence and self-esteem, and begin to feel strong emotions like anger and jealousy. They may throw tantrums and their attention span increases.

Question 13

What are the biological determinants of health in early childhood?

Answer 13

Genetics and birth weight.

Question 14

What are the behavioral determinants of health in early childhood?

Answer 14

Eating habits, breastfeeding, and vaccinations

Question 15

What are the social determinants of health in early childhood?

Answer 15

Early life experiences, parental education, parenting practices, and access to healthcare services.

Question 16

What are the physical environmental determinants in early childhood?

Answer 16

Exposure to tobacco smoke and housing conditions.

Question 17

How is early childhood different from infancy?

Answer 17

Children become more aware of their surroundings, develop independence, and interact socially. Growth becomes slower and steadier compared to the rapid development of the prenatal and infant stages.

Question 18

What are the key features of physical development in late childhood?

Answer 18

Growth is slow and steady; height increases ~6cm/year and weight ~2.5kg/year. Bones lengthen, body proportions change, body fat decreases, muscle growth slows, and motor skills improve.

Question 19

How does emotional and social health develop in late childhood?

Answer 19

Children become more logical, control emotions better, have fewer tantrums, and start developing morals. Identity forms, influenced by family, friends, and media. They gain independence in daily tasks.

Question 20

What are the biological determinants in late childhood?

Answer 20

Genetics and body weight.

Question 21

What are the behavioral determinants in late childhood?

Answer 21

Eating habits, physical activity levels, and vaccinations

Question 22

What are the social determinants in late childhood?

Answer 22

Early life experiences, parental education, parenting practices, media exposure, and access to healthcare.

Question 23

What are the physical environmental determinants in late childhood?

Answer 23

Exposure to tobacco smoke, housing conditions, access to recreational facilities, and fluoridation of water.

Question 24

How is late childhood different from earlier stages of development?

Answer 24

Children become more self-aware and independent, show steady growth, and develop emotionally, mentally, and socially compared to the rapid changes seen in infancy and prenatal stages.

Question 25

What physical developments occur during youth (11-18 years)?

Answer 25

Gross and fine motor skills are refined; permanent teeth are established; calcium intake should increase (especially for girls). Puberty causes major changes in the body.

Question 26

What physical changes do boys experience during puberty?

Answer 26

Shoulders widen, pubic hair grows, Adam’s apple appears, testicles drop, acne, and wet dreams.

Question 27

What physical changes do girls experience during puberty?

Answer 27

Pubic hair growth, breasts enlarge, menstruation begins, hips widen, and weight gain occurs.

Question 28

What are the key health developments during youth?

Answer 28

Interest in the opposite sex, development of self-concept, emotional control, increased social interactions, exposure to emotional and social issues, and increased risk of mental health issues.

Question 29

What are some common mental health challenges faced by youth?

Answer 29

Depression, anxiety, and stress due to increased responsibility, peer pressure, and hormonal changes.

Question 30

What habits support health and wellbeing during youth?

Answer 30

Getting adequate sleep, regular exercise, eating a healthy diet, and having a positive support system.

Question 31

What are biological determinants affecting youth health?

Answer 31

Genetics, body weight, and insulin resistance.

Question 32

What are behavioral determinants affecting youth health?

Answer 32

Use of tobacco, alcohol, and drugs; physical activity levels; risk-taking behaviors.

Question 33

What are social determinants affecting youth health?

Answer 33

Education, transport, stress, social gradient, media exposure, and access to healthcare services.

Question 34

What are physical environment determinants affecting youth health?

Answer 34

Climate change, infrastructure, housing quality, water fluoridation, and access to recreational facilities.

Question 35

How does youth differ from the previous stage (childhood)?

Answer 35

Youth are less dependent on family, more influenced by friends, and experience puberty, increasing self-awareness, independence, and experimentation with identity and behavior.

Question 36

What happens to adult height in early adulthood?

Answer 36

Maximum adult height is reached.

Question 37

What continues to occur at the cellular level during early adulthood?

Answer 37

Cells continue to divide for replacement, repair, and maintenance of body tissue.

Question 38

What physical peaks are typically achieved in early adulthood?

Answer 38

Peak bone mass Sharpest sensory organs Peak muscle strength Peak reflexes of the nervous system

Question 39

How do social circles typically change during early adulthood?

Answer 39

Individuals make new friends through further study or the workplace, expanding their social circles.

Question 40

How do emotions typically develop in early adulthood?

Answer 40

Better emotional control, though hormone surges (especially in women) can impact regulation.

Question 41

How does spiritual development progress in early adulthood?

Answer 41

Increased compassion, capacity for love, and forgiveness.

Question 42

What are key biological determinants in early adulthood?

Answer 42

Genetics Body weight Insulin resistance Blood pressure Blood cholesterol

Question 43

What are key behavioral determinants in early adulthood?

Answer 43

Tobacco, drugs, and alcohol use Physical activity levels Risk-taking behaviors Sexual practices Food intake Sun protection

Question 44

What are key social determinants in early adulthood?

Answer 44

Education Transport Stress Social gradient Media Access to services (health care, social support, workplace, unemployment)

Question 45

What are key physical environment determinants in early adulthood?

Answer 45

Housing Workplace safety Neighborhood safety Access to health care

Question 46

How is early adulthood different from the previous life stage?

Answer 46

Completion of studies and start of a career Financial independence Forming and caring for their own family Making mature, long-term decisions (e.g., marriage, children)

Question 47

What are some key physical changes in middle adulthood?

Answer 47

Loss of bone density Decreased metabolic rate Cardiovascular structural changes Decline in hearing and vision Wrinkles and grey hair

Question 48

How does health and social life typically change in middle adulthood?

Answer 48

Maintenance of social friendships New friendships through children’s activities Mental stress from financial and work responsibilities Emotional fluctuations in women due to menopause

Question 49

What are key biological determinants in middle adulthood?

Answer 49

Genetics Body weight Insulin resistance Blood pressure Blood cholesterol

Question 50

What are key behavioral determinants in middle adulthood?

Answer 50

Use of tobacco, drugs, alcohol Physical activity levels Sexual practices Food intake Sun protection

Question 51

What are key social determinants in middle adulthood?

Answer 51

Transport Stress Social gradient Media influence Access to health care and social support Workplace and unemployment factors

Question 52

What are key physical environment determinants in middle adulthood?

Answer 52

Housing quality Workplace safety Neighborhood safety Access to health care

Question 53

How does middle adulthood differ from early adulthood?

Answer 53

Greater career accomplishment or exploring new careers (midlife crisis)