Health and disease

Question 1

what is the definition of health

Answer 1

a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being

Question 2

what 3 factors make up health

Answer 2

social
mental
physical

Question 3

what is mental well-being

Answer 3

how you feel about yourself

Question 4

what is social well-being

Answer 4

how well you get on with others

Question 5

what are the 2 types of diseases?

Answer 5

communicable
non-communicable

Question 6

what is a communicable disease

Answer 6

a disease that can be passed from one person to another

Question 7

what is a non-communicable disease

Answer 7

not passed between people

Question 8

what is a pathogen

Answer 8

an organism that causes an infectious disease

Question 9

what are 2 things about communicable diseases

Answer 9

rapid variation in the number of cases
often localised

Question 10

what are 2 things about non-communicable diseases

Answer 10

number of cases changes gradually
cases may be more widely spread

Question 11

what are the 4 types of pathogens

Answer 11

bacterium
virus
fungi
protists

Question 12

what is an HIV pathogen

Answer 12

a pathogen that makes it easier for other pathogens to infect a person

Question 13

how do bacteria harm humans

Answer 13

can release toxins

Question 14

what are 3 infections spread by a bacterium

Answer 14

cholera
tuberculosis
stomach ulcers

Question 15

what are the symptoms of cholera

Answer 15

water, pale-coloured diarrhoea

Question 16

what are the symptoms of tuberculosis

Answer 16

lung damage is seen in blood-speckled mucus
weight loss
fever and chills
night sweats

Question 17

what are the symptoms of stomach ulcers

Answer 17

inflammation in stomach
bleeding in stomach

Question 18

what is an infection caused by protists

Answer 18

malaria

Question 19

what are some symptoms of malaria

Answer 19

fever
weakness
chills
sweating

Question 20

what are some infections caused by viruses

Answer 20

HIV/AIDS
Ebola

Question 21

what are some symptoms of HIV/AIDS

Answer 21

mid flu or often no symptoms
repeated other infections

Question 22

what are some symptoms of Ebola

Answer 22

internal bleeding
fever and headache
muscle pain
vomiting
diarrhoea

Question 23

what is an infection caused by a fungus

Answer 23

ash die-back (Chalara)

Question 24

what are some symptoms of ash die-back (Chalara)

Answer 24

leaf loss
bark lesion
dieback at the top of tree

Question 25

what is a vector

Answer 25

an organism that spreads a pathogen

Question 26

what is the vector for malaria

Answer 26

mosquitoes

Question 27

how is malaria spread (give the steps of the cycle)

Answer 27

1. A mosquito becomes infected with a parasite when it takes a blood meal from an infected human 2. mosquito bites a person and injects protist into them 3. it infects the liver cells which infects the blood cells

Question 28

what does HIV stand for

Answer 28

human immunodeficiency virus

Question 29

how does HIV work

Answer 29

it enters the blood and causes reproduces inside the white blood cells causing them to break. eventually, so many white blood cells are damaged that the immune system cannot work properly. meaning that other diseases can infect easily

Question 30

what are 2 ways to reduce the spread of cholera

Answer 30

boil water to kill bacteria before drinking wash hands thoroughly after using the toilet to prevent spread by touch

Question 31

what are 3 ways to reduce the spread of tuberculosis

Answer 31

- ventilate buildings to reduce the chance of breathing in bacteria droplets in - diagnose infected people promptly and give antibiotics to kill bacteria - isolate infected people so they cannot infect more people

Question 32

what is a way to reduce the spread of malaria

Answer 32

kill mosquitos or use mosquito nets

Question 33

what are 2 ways to prevent the spread of stomach ulcers

Answer 33

cook food thoroughly to kill bacteria wash hands thoroughly before preparing food to avoid transfer

Question 34

what are 2 ways to prevent the spread of Ebola

Answer 34

keep infected people isolated to prevent the spread wear protective clothing when working with infected people

Question 35

what are antibiotics used for

Answer 35

to treat bacterial infection

Question 36

give an example of an antibiotic

Answer 36

penicillin

Question 37

how do antibiotics kill bacteria

Answer 37

They inhibit cell processes in the bacteria but not the host organism. for example, some antibiotics stop bacteria cell walls from forming properly

Question 38

what is the aseptic technique

Answer 38

techniques used to prevent organisms from air and surfaces from contaminating cultures

Question 39

what are the 3 parts of the aseptic technique

Answer 39

1. sterilising dishes and culture media 2. sterilising inoculating loop 3. sealing petri dishes

Question 40

how are petri dishes sterilised

Answer 40

using autoclave or heating to high temperatures

Question 41

how is culture media sterilised

Answer 41

heating it to high temperatures to kill any bacteria

Question 42

how is an inoculating loop sterilised

Answer 42

put into a hot flame and cooled

Question 43

why is a petri dish not completely sealed

Answer 43

to prevent the growth of anaerobic bacteria that are pathogen

Question 44

why are microorganisms only incubated at 25'c in schools

Answer 44

temperature higher than this will encourage rapid growth in bacteria