Health and human rights Flashcards

Question

What is a measure for corruption

Answer 1

Global corruption index

Answer 2

More powerful ppl may restrict others rights in order to maintain power. E.g.- Tutsi's regarded more superior than Hutsi's in Rwanda- Lead to mass genocide against Tutsis.

Answer 3

Gove choose to invest less into those w lower rights. E.g. In N.America 1 million ingigenous ppl live in poor quality areas w few resources. School & healthcare underfunded in these areas so less social development. Lack of rights makes it hard to protest.

Answer 4

US- civil rights movement campaigning for rights of African-American people UK- 2010 illegal for men & women to be paid diff amounts (8% gender pay gap in 2022), Suffragete movement.

Answer 5

Success in short-term but argued as futile in long-term. Taliban controlled country between 1996-2001. Taliban regime collapsed in 2001 meaning 3.2 million girls in school by 2012. In 2021 they seized control again leading to a ban on girls being educated. NGOs worried political instability prevents progress.

Answer 6

Aboriginals experienced discrimination for years. Life expectancy and literacy rates are lower. 2008 NGOs launched 'closing the gap' campaign to improve australian aboriginals health & literacy rates. Lead to 20% more aboriginals finishing school in 2020 compared to 2008. Although still widespread racism in Australia.

Answer 7

E.g. In Iraq, USA main reason for intervention was human rights of 'war on terror'. Argued to be necessary to remove Saddam Hussein. Also believed they were making weapons of mass destruction. (resources were ulterior motive) Human rights intervention challenge national sovereignty (seen through Western countries continuing colonial attitudes towards other countries)

Answer 8

Put collective international pressure on country, aid may be withdrawn if corruption is involved. For example Malawi recieved $1.17 billion in 2012 but in 2013 $30 million was stolen through corruption and investigators suffered physical violence. Aid reduced by 20% following year, and it was taken directly to those who needed it.

Answer 9

2003 invasion due to 'war on terror'. Remove Saddam Hussein opressive regime as well as to check if Iraq were making weapons of mass destruction. Invasion wasn't said to be approved by UN as considered 'unjustified' (lack of evidence). Oil said to be ulterior motive. Now Iraq is unstable with a rise of ISIS.

Answer 10

National governments- Usually bi-lateral aid spent on promoting economic growth and building infrastructure. Geopolitical intrests can influence aid. IGOs- for development NGOs- charitable donations to provide humanitarian assistance and increase human capital. An NGO Oxfam- works in over 50 countries, raised $105 million from donations, supplies giving clean water supplies & food during emergencies. E.g. Haiti

Answer 11

IGOs and NGOs distributed mosquito nets, diagnosis kits and medicine to treat malaria. UN provided 30 million mosquito nets to Nigeria which led to 25% reduction in death rates.

Answer 12

Aid has had success such as USAs support for South Korea and Taiwan which has enabled those countries to become tiger economies then established economically developed countries. Aid also helped eradicate smallpox in 1970s and nearly eliminate polio. Investments in health and education have improved productivity and living standards.

Answer 13

Interdependence- become overreliant on aid meaning a lack of initiative to develop. Corruption- can be stolen by politicians- aid exacerbates corruption if already high amounts. Malawi, Haiti

Answer 14

Additionally, the administration has linked certain USAID grantees to alleged ties with terrorism, further justifying the funding cuts. These actions have resulted in the termination of numerous USAID contracts and grants, leading to an 83% reduction in the agency's programs

Answer 15

Aid has created a dependency culture and limited Haiti's progress due to: Haiti's governmental systems are weak, because staff from international aid organisations have taken over many jobs best done by local officials, NGOs pay higher salaries so skilled local people work for them instead of Haitian organisations. 2 years after the 2010 earthquake, 500,000 people were still living in temporary shelters, even though Haiti was given $10billion. Only 40% of the $5.6billion was dispersed in Sept 2011. The American red cross received $255 million in private donations but only $106 million made it to Haitian firms. Therefore, both the Haitian government and the American red cross has resulted in the failure of development aid.

Answer 16

Superpowers and TNCs play a role in the economic development of LIC’s by paying them money to exploit their natural resources. The Niger delta has very large oil reserves, which have been exploited by TNCs since the 1950s. Indigenous communities have lost land because of oil drilling, and oil spills have led to the pollution of local wells and rivers. The sale of oil has increased Nigeria’s GDP, but the level of human development is very low compared to those in the rest of Nigeria. #EXPLOITATION #TNC SCUM #ARE INDIGENOUS PPL EVEN RECOGNISED AS PPL L. Furthermore, conflict over oil reserves led to human rights abuses in 1993 when the military killed 1000 people and destroyed many villages- how pleasant.

Answer 17

In 2015 a civil war broke out when the Houthi (Shia’s) rebelled against the Sunni president Hadi. After the first year of conflict, the UN estimates around 6500 people had been killed and 2.5million were internally displaced. The UN and EU gave military aid but there were questions regarding R2P, as there may be a need for a political solution rather than a military solution (many questioned the presidents legitimacy). In 2016, NGO Médecins sans frontier gave aid. The foreign interventions challenge the present and future sovereignty of Yemen, the war is still ongoing with little end in sight. Shows how military aid may be unsuccessful, as it exacerbates conflict and worsens a humanitarian crisis.

Answer 18

In 2011, inspired by the Arab spring, many Libyans began to demonstrate against Gaddafi’s governance. Demonstrators were killed and injured (by Gaddafi’s government), so the UN authorised military action such as, air strikes and bombing raids. This was the first real use of R2P by NATO forces, but it was unsuccessful as post Gaddafi era was extremely unstable (now many areas are controlled by ISIS rebels). Furthermore, countries (such as Russia and China) believed there was insufficient evidence to justify interfering in Libya’s national sovereignty.

Answer 19

The Chinese re-education camps in Xinjiang violate fundamental human rights, particularly those outlined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). Uyghur Muslims and other ethnic minorities are subjected to forced indoctrination, mass surveillance, torture, and forced labour, directly breaching Article 4 (freedom from slavery), Article 5 (freedom from torture), and Article 9 (freedom from arbitrary detention).

Answer 20

The Rwandan genocide of 1994 is a key example of non-intervention, where the international community failed to act despite clear warnings. In just 100 days, around 800,000 Tutsi and moderate Hutu were murdered by Hutu extremists. The small UN peacekeeping force lacked the mandate and resources to stop the violence, and most peacekeepers were withdrawn as the killings escalated. Political hesitation, lack of strategic interest, and the recent failure of U.S. intervention in Somalia contributed to global inaction. This failure later influenced the development of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) principle, emphasizing the need for stronger international responses to prevent mass atrocities.

Answer 21

The 1999 NATO intervention in Kosovo, with significant UK involvement, was a response to widespread ethnic cleansing and atrocities committed by Serbian forces against ethnic Albanians. Thousands of civilians were killed, and over a million people were displaced from their homes as Serbian forces carried out brutal campaigns to remove ethnic Albanians from the region. NATO's air campaign, which included UK military support, was aimed at halting the violence and protecting civilians. The intervention led to the withdrawal of Serbian forces and the eventual establishment of an UN-administered Kosovo. Kosovo declared independence in 2008, and the UK, along with many other countries, recognised it as a sovereign state. The recognition was an important step in Kosovo’s transition to self-rule, following years of international oversight and support in building democratic institutions.

Answer 22

President Gbagbo refused to accept defeat in an election and plunged his country into an escalating spiral of violence and repression. Over in two weeks, swift and decisive.

Answer 23

Bilateral aid: one country to another. Multilateral aid: From IGO which involves loan that has to be repaid. Voluntary aid from NGOs: Charities like Oxfam. Emergency aid: To cope w natural disaster from govs or NGOs. E.g. Haiti Eq

Health and human rights Flashcards

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