HEALTH BEHAVIOUR CHANGE Flashcards by Julia Caputo

Which of the following is NOT considered a health-risk behavior?

a) Smoking
b) Eating five servings of fruits each day
c) Inactivity
d) Alcohol abuse

b) Eating five servings of fruits each day

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What percentage of the population has achieved the ideal combination of a healthy lifestyle?

a) 3%
b) 10%
c) 25%
d) 50%

a) 3%

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How does the Health Belief Model explain behavior change?

a) It states that behavior change occurs when people perceive a threat from their current behavior and believe the change will lead to a valued outcome at an acceptable cost.
b) It focuses on how environmental influences shape individual habits over time.
c) It emphasizes that social norms and peer pressure are the primary motivators for change.
d) It suggests that people change behaviors only when forced by external regulations.

a) It states that behavior change occurs when people perceive a threat from their current behavior and believe the change will lead to a valued outcome at an acceptable cost.

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According to the Theory of Planned Behavior, what is the most important determinant of performing a specific behavior?

a) Genetic predisposition
b) Behavioral intention
c) Access to resources
d) Influence from peers

b) Behavioral intention

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Which of the following statements about Social Cognitive Theory is TRUE?

a) It assumes that behavior change is only influenced by internal motivation.
b) It suggests that self-efficacy is a key factor in behavior change.
c) It does not account for environmental influences on behavior.
d) It states that behavior change is only possible through strict external reinforcement.

b) It suggests that self-efficacy is a key factor in behavior change.

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The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) is unique because it:

a) Focuses only on individuals who are already motivated to change.
b) Does not take into account psychological factors influencing behavior.
c) Assumes that behavior change happens in a single step.
d) Categorizes individuals based on their stage in the process of change.

d) Categorizes individuals based on their stage in the process of change

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What is the role of Computer-Tailored Interventions (CTIs) in behavior change?

a) They replace traditional healthcare methods entirely.
b) They deliver personalized interventions through digital technologies to support behavior change.
c) They focus exclusively on exercise-related behavior changes.
d) They discourage people from seeking professional guidance.

b) They deliver personalized interventions through digital technologies to support behavior change.

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Which of the following is NOT an example of a risky health behavior?

a) Forgetting to engage in physical activity
b) Smoking/Tobacco use
c) Heavy drinking/Alcohol abuse
d) Not using sun protection, tanning beds

a) Forgetting to engage in physical activity

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Why is the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) referred to as “transtheoretical”?

a) It is based solely on Freudian principles.
b) It integrates concepts from multiple theories of intervention.
c) It applies only to psychotherapy, not behavior change.
d) It focuses exclusively on smoking cessation.

b) It integrates concepts from multiple theories of intervention.

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Name a health-promoting behaviour?

Engaging in physical activity
Eating healthy
Wearing sunscreen

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Which of the following is NOT one of the processes of change in TTM?

a) Consciousness-raising
b) Contingency management
c) Helping relationships
d) Genetic predisposition

d) Genetic predisposition

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What is the key integrating construct of the Transtheoretical Model?

a) Self-efficacy
b) Decisional balance
c) Stages of change
d) Temptation

c) Stages of change

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According to TTM, why are action-oriented strategies ineffective for individuals in the early stages of change?

a) Most people are already ready to take action.
b) Early-stage individuals require tailored strategies before they are ready to act.
c) People always change behavior in a linear and predictable manner.
d) Action-oriented strategies are only useful for professional therapy settings.

b) Early-stage individuals require tailored strategies before they are ready to act.

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Which of the following health behaviors has NOT been studied using TTM?

a) Alcohol and substance abuse
b) Mammography screening
c) Radon testing
d) Genetic engineering

d) Genetic engineering

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What concept in TTM refers to weighing the pros and cons of changing behavior?

a) Self-efficacy
b) Temptation
c) Decisional balance
d) Relapse prevention

c) Decisional balance

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What percentage of a population at risk is typically prepared to take immediate action toward behavior change?

a) 10%
b) 20%
c) 50%
d) 80%

b) 20%

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T or F: “Healthy lifestyle can substantially increase life expectancy”

True

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According to research, how much can walking 10,000 steps a day reduce the risk of cancer?
a) 10%
b) 20%
c) 30%
d) 50%

c) 30%

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Walking 10,000 steps a day has been shown to lower the risk of dementia by approximately:
a) 20%
b) 30%
c) 50%
d) 75%

c) 50%

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Walking 10,000 steps a day can decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease by approximately:
a) 25%
b) 50%
c) 75%
d) 90%

c) 75%

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In which stage of change do individuals have no intention to take action in the foreseeable future, often due to being uninformed or demoralized?

a) Contemplation
b) Precontemplation
c) Preparation
d) Maintenance

b) Precontemplation

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What is a key characteristic of individuals in the contemplation stage?

a) They are actively changing their behaviour.
b) They have no intention of making a change.
c) They intend to change in the next six months but experience ambivalence.
d) They have successfully maintained their behaviour change for over five years.

c) They intend to change in the next six months but experience ambivalence.

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Individuals in the preparation stage are characterized by:

a) Taking no action toward change.
b) Being ready to take action within the next month and having a plan.
c) Already modifying their behaviour for over six months.
d) Experiencing zero temptation to relapse.

b) Being ready to take action within the next month and having a plan.

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Why is action not the final stage of behaviour change in TTM?

a) It does not necessarily mean long-term success.
b) It only applies to smoking cessation.
c) People always return to old behaviours after action.
d) It is the last stage before relapse.

a) It does not necessarily mean long-term success.

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How long does the maintenance stage typically last before relapse risk significantly decreases? a) 6 months b) 1 year c) 3 years d) 5 years

d) 5 years

What is the key feature of the termination stage? a) People have reduced their risky behaviour but still struggle with temptation. b) Individuals are 100% confident they will never relapse. c) Behaviour change is still fragile and needs reinforcement. d) The behaviour change lasts only for six months.

b) Individuals are 100% confident they will never relapse.

The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) is primarily based on: a) Personality traits b) Stages of change c) Cognitive distortions d) Genetic predispositions

b) Stages of change

Which of the following best describes the purpose of TTM? a) To categorize individuals based on their readiness to change b) To prescribe medication for behaviour change c) To provide one-size-fits-all interventions for all populations d) To explain why behaviour change happens instantly

a) To categorize individuals based on their readiness to change

The Transtheoretical Model is widely used for: a) Understanding short-term motivation b) Predicting genetic risk factors c) Studying long-term behaviour change processes d) Diagnosing mental health disorders

c) Studying long-term behaviour change processes

TTM is closely related to which of the following concepts? a) Adherence and motivational interviewing b) Cognitive dissonance and personality development c) Intelligence and memory recall d) Reflex actions and muscle memory

a) Adherence and motivational interviewing

What are the processes of change in TTM? a) Stages people move through to change their behaviour b) Techniques used to progress through stages of change c) Barriers preventing behaviour change d) Personality traits that influence behaviour

b) Techniques used to progress through stages of change

Which process of change involves increasing awareness about the causes, consequences, and solutions for a problem behaviour? a) Self-liberation b) Counter conditioning c) Consciousness raising d) Reinforcement management

c) Consciousness raising

What is the main goal of dramatic relief in TTM? a) To help people assess their self-image b) To increase emotional experiences and provide relief c) To remove unhealthy behaviour cues from the environment d) To reinforce behaviour with rewards

b) To increase emotional experiences and provide relief

If a person is reflecting on how their smoking affects the health of family members, which process of change are they using? a) Environmental reevaluation b) Self-reevaluation c) Social liberation d) Helping relationships

a) Environmental reevaluation

A person signing a contract or making a public commitment to quit smoking is an example of which process of change? a) Stimulus control b) Counter conditioning c) Self-liberation d) Helping relationships

c) Self-liberation

Which process of change involves recognizing public policies or support systems that encourage healthier behaviour? a) Social liberation b) Self-reevaluation c) Reinforcement management d) Stimulus control

a) Social liberation

Replacing unhealthy habits with healthier alternatives (e.g., chewing gum instead of smoking) is an example of: a) Counter conditioning b) Reinforcement management c) Self-liberation d) Dramatic relief

a) Counter conditioning

Removing high-fat foods from the house to encourage healthy eating is an example of which process of change? a) Self-liberation b) Stimulus control c) Reinforcement management d) Social liberation

b) Stimulus control

Which process of change focuses on providing positive consequences for adopting healthy behaviours? a) Helping relationships b) Reinforcement management c) Consciousness raising d) Dramatic relief

b) Reinforcement management

Seeking support from family, friends, or professionals to maintain a new behaviour falls under which process of change? a) Social liberation b) Self-reevaluation c) Helping relationships d) Counter conditioning

c) Helping relationships

What is the defining characteristic of the Precontemplation stage in TTM? a) The person is actively working to change their behaviour b) The person is unaware or not considering change c) The person has maintained their behaviour change for over six months d) The person has successfully ended their unhealthy behaviour permanently

b) The person is unaware or not considering change

Which of the following statements best represents someone in the Precontemplation stage? a) “I am thinking about quitting smoking in the next few months.” b) “I don’t think I have a smoking problem.” c) “I’ve already started reducing the number of cigarettes I smoke.” d) “I haven’t smoked in over a year.”

b) “I don’t think I have a smoking problem.”

n the Precontemplation stage, individuals typically: a) Have already taken steps to change their behaviour b) Are actively resisting change and planning to relapse c) Are uninformed or under-informed about the consequences of their behaviour d) Are maintaining a new behaviour for over six months

c) Are uninformed or under-informed about the consequences of their behaviour

How long is behaviour change typically not intended in the Precontemplation stage? a) Less than one month b) Between one to three months c) Six months d) Indefinitely

c) Six months

Which of the following is an example of a character in the Precontemplation stage? a) A person who joins a gym to start exercising b) A smoker who believes they don’t have a problem and doesn’t plan to quit c) Someone who has been sober for two years d) An individual cutting back on sugary drinks for health reasons

b) A smoker who believes they don’t have a problem and doesn’t plan to quit

What is a key characteristic of the Contemplation stage in TTM? a) The person has already taken action to change their behaviour b) The person is unaware of the need to change c) The person is weighing the pros and cons of change but has not yet acted d) The person has maintained behaviour change for more than six months

c) The person is weighing the pros and cons of change but has not yet acted

Which of the following statements best represents someone in the Contemplation stage? a) “I don’t think I have a smoking problem.” b) “I have already quit smoking and haven’t smoked in six months.” c) “Wow, I have been hearing a lot more about the side effects of smoking. Maybe I should make a change. I don’t know where to start…” d) “I signed up for a smoking cessation program last week and started using nicotine patches.”

c) “Wow, I have been hearing a lot more about the side effects of smoking. Maybe I should make a change. I don’t know where to start…”

Which of the following best describes the Preparation stage in the Transtheoretical Model? a) The person has already made a specific, observable change in their behaviour b) The person is not considering any change and remains unaware of the need to change c) The person is planning to take action in the immediate future and has made some preparations d) The person has been successfully maintaining their behaviour change for over six months

c) The person is planning to take action in the immediate future and has made some preparations

Which of the following statements is typical of someone in the Preparation stage? a) “I haven’t really thought about quitting smoking, but I don’t think it’s a big deal.” b) “I have already been using nicotine patches for two weeks and have quit smoking.” c) “Okay, that’s it. I’m going to go buy some nicotine patches on Monday.” d) “I’m planning to exercise more, but I haven’t figured out exactly when to start.”

c) “Okay, that’s it. I’m going to go buy some nicotine patches on Monday.”

Which of the following best describes the Action stage in the Transtheoretical Model? a) The person is planning to make a change in the near future b) The person has been consistently working on maintaining their behaviour change for more than six months c) The person is unaware of the need to change their behaviour d) The person has made specific, observable changes in their behaviour within the past six months

d) The person has made specific, observable changes in their behaviour within the past six months

Which of the following statements is typical of someone in the Action stage? a) “I haven’t really thought about quitting smoking, but I don’t think it’s a big deal.” b) “I’ve been going to the smoking support group for 6 weeks and using nicotine patches — I feel great.” c) “I’m planning to start exercising soon, but I haven’t made any changes yet.” d) “I’ve been thinking about quitting smoking, but I’m not sure where to start.”

b) “I’ve been going to the smoking support group for 6 weeks and using nicotine patches — I feel great.”

Which of the following best describes the Maintenance stage in the Transtheoretical Model? a) The person has made specific changes in their behaviour within the past six months b) The person is focused on preventing relapse and has integrated the change into their daily life c) The person is still undecided about making a change d) The person has started taking small steps toward change in the immediate future

b) The person is focused on preventing relapse and has integrated the change into their daily life

Which of the following statements is typical of someone in the Maintenance stage? a) “I’m still thinking about quitting smoking but haven’t started yet.” b) “I’m going to try to join a smoking cessation group next month.” c) “I’ve been smoke-free for a year, and I attend my support group every Monday to keep up with my progress.” d) “I’m unsure if I really need to quit smoking, but I’m starting to read more about it.”

c) “I’ve been smoke-free for a year, and I attend my support group every Monday to keep up with my progress.”

What does the Termination stage represent in the Transtheoretical Model? A) The stage where there is a 100% self-efficacy and no temptation B) The stage where individuals still experience some temptation C) The stage where individuals continue to work towards change D) The stage where relapse occurs

A) The stage where there is a 100% self-efficacy and no temptation

Why is relapse common in the process of making lifelong changes? A) Relapse happens only in the early stages of change B) People are always tempted to return to old habits C) Relapse is a normal part of the behavior change process D) People are not aware of the need to change their behaviors

C) Relapse is a normal part of the behavior change process

What is the ultimate goal in the context of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change? A) To remain in the action stage for as long as possible B) To reach the Termination stage with 100% self-efficacy and no temptation C) To prevent relapse at all costs D) To maintain the behavior for at least six months

B) To reach the Termination stage with 100% self-efficacy and no temptation

What is the main purpose of Consciousness-raising in the Transtheoretical Model? A) To encourage people to take immediate action towards change B) To increase awareness about the causes, consequences, and cures of a problem behavior C) To provide social support for behavior change D) To introduce rewards for healthy behavior changes

B) To increase awareness about the causes, consequences, and cures of a problem behavior

What does Dramatic Relief involve in the behavior change process? A) Understanding the pros and cons of changing the behavior B) Experiencing a strong emotion related to the unhealthy behavior C) Forming new habits to replace old behaviors D) Seeking social support from friends and family

B) Experiencing a strong emotion related to the unhealthy behavior

What change of process can push someone from precontemplation to contemplation?

Dramatic relief

What does Self-re-evaluation focus on in the process of change? A) Learning to substitute unhealthy behaviors with healthier ones B) Assessing how one’s self-image changes with and without the unhealthy habit C) Managing external cues to prevent relapse D) Seeking social support from family and friends

B) Assessing how one’s self-image changes with and without the unhealthy habit

Which of the following best describes Environmental re-evaluation? A) It focuses on assessing the benefits of maintaining the unhealthy habit B) It involves evaluating how the presence or absence of a habit affects one’s social environment C) It emphasizes the cognitive assessment of physical health changes D) It helps people visualize their future without the unhealthy behavior

B) It involves evaluating how the presence or absence of a habit affects one’s social environment

What is the main goal of Self-liberation in behavior change? A) To help individuals focus on the negative consequences of their behaviors B) To offer external rewards for progress C) To provide cognitive tools to overcome ambivalence D) To encourage people to make a commitment to change and believe in their ability to succeed

D) To encourage people to make a commitment to change and believe in their ability to succeed

Which of the following is an example of Environmental re-evaluation? A) A smoker realizing the harm their smoking causes to their family members B) A person visualizing themselves as a healthier individual without the smoking habit C) A person purchasing a healthier alternative to replace their unhealthy snack habit D) A person deciding to join a group therapy session to quit smoking

A) A smoker realizing the harm their smoking causes to their family members

Which statement best represents the concept of Self-liberation? A) "I believe I can stop smoking and I am committing to quit for good." B) "I think my health will improve if I change my behavior, but I'm not ready to act." C) "I’m not sure if I can stop smoking, but I’ll try a nicotine patch to reduce cravings." D) "I am making small changes to my diet, but I haven’t committed to stopping unhealthy eating habits yet."

A) "I believe I can stop smoking and I am committing to quit for good."

What is the primary focus of Social Liberation in the process of behavior change? A) Encouraging individuals to make internal commitments to change B) Taking advantage of external environmental factors that support behavior change C) Learning how to replace unhealthy behaviors with healthier ones D) Removing external triggers for unhealthy habits

B) Taking advantage of external environmental factors that support behavior change

Which of the following best describes Counterconditioning? A) Learning healthy behaviors that can substitute for unhealthy behaviors B) Removing unhealthy habits from the environment C) Using emotional experiences to motivate change D) Reassessing how a behavior affects one's social environment

A) Learning healthy behaviors that can substitute for unhealthy behaviors

What does Stimulus Control focus on in the process of behavior change? A) Teaching individuals new ways to handle emotions related to unhealthy behaviors B) Removing environmental cues that trigger unhealthy behaviors and adding cues for healthier alternatives C) Increasing awareness of the social consequences of unhealthy behaviors D) Increasing external support and social opportunities for behavior change

B) Removing environmental cues that trigger unhealthy behaviors and adding cues for healthier alternatives

Which of the following is an example of Social Liberation? A) A person replacing smoking with walking to reduce stress B) A community establishing smoke-free zones to encourage smoking cessation C) A person removing all unhealthy snacks from their kitchen D) A person joining a group therapy session for weight loss

B) A community establishing smoke-free zones to encourage smoking cessation

What is the goal of Counterconditioning in behavior change? A) To increase external motivation through social support B) To replace unhealthy habits with healthier alternatives C) To decrease the number of unhealthy habits by using punishment D) To reinforce healthy behaviors with rewards

B) To replace unhealthy habits with healthier alternatives

Which statement best represents Stimulus Control? A) "I’m starting to use a healthier snack every time I feel the urge to eat junk food." B) "I’m attending a weight loss support group every week to help me stay motivated." C) "I removed all the soda from my house and replaced it with water and fruit." D) "I feel empowered by my support system and I’m confident about making lasting changes."

C) "I removed all the soda from my house and replaced it with water and fruit."

What is the primary goal of Reinforcement Management in behavior change? A) To punish unhealthy behaviors to stop them B) To use external rewards to reinforce healthy behavior C) To increase social support for healthy behaviors D) To educate individuals on the consequences of unhealthy behaviors

B) To use external rewards to reinforce healthy behavior

Which of the following is an example of Reinforcement Management? A) A person rewarding themselves with a treat after going to the gym B) A person seeking support from friends and family for their weight loss goals C) A person attending a support group to talk about their smoking cessation journey D) A person reassessing the effect of smoking on their family members

A) A person rewarding themselves with a treat after going to the gym

What is the focus of Helping Relationships in the behavior change process? A) Encouraging individuals to reinforce themselves for positive behaviors B) Removing environmental cues that trigger unhealthy behaviors C) Building social support networks to help individuals maintain healthy behaviors D) Educating individuals about the health risks of their behaviors

C) Building social support networks to help individuals maintain healthy behaviors

Which of the following is an example of a Helping Relationship? A) A person using a reward system to celebrate their progress B) A person attending therapy to receive professional guidance for weight loss C) A person joining an online community for people trying to quit smoking D) A person making a commitment to change and sharing it with friends

C) A person joining an online community for people trying to quit smoking

In the context of Reinforcement Management, what would a person most likely do? A) A person plans to use nicotine patches to quit smoking B) A person sets up a reward system to treat themselves when they achieve a fitness goal C) A person evaluates how their smoking affects their family D) A person commits to quitting smoking by telling their close friends and family

B) A person sets up a reward system to treat themselves when they achieve a fitness goal

How does a Helping Relationship support behavior change? A) By rewarding individuals for maintaining healthy behaviors B) By providing emotional and practical support to help individuals stay on track with their goals C) By creating an environment that encourages unhealthy habits D) By identifying new behaviors to replace unhealthy habits

B) By providing emotional and practical support to help individuals stay on track with their goals

What is decisional balance in the context of behavior change? A) The ability to maintain behavior changes over time. B) Weighing the potential gains (pros) and losses (cons) of changing. C) The intensity of urges to revert to an unhealthy habit. D) The support of others in making a behavior change.

B) Weighing the potential gains (pros) and losses (cons) of changing.

What does self-efficacy refer to in the context of behavior change? A) The support system a person has when trying to change. B) The ability to cope with high-risk situations without relapsing to an unhealthy habit. C) The emotional impact of unhealthy behaviors on a person. D) The degree of temptation a person experiences in challenging situations.

B) The ability to cope with high-risk situations without relapsing to an unhealthy habit.

Which of the following is most associated with "temptation" in behavior change? A) Situation-specific confidence in maintaining changes. B) Weighing the pros and cons of changing. C) Intensity of urges to engage in unhealthy habits during difficult situations. D) The support received from others during the change process.

C) Intensity of urges to engage in unhealthy habits during difficult situations.

What does self-efficacy help individuals do in the context of behavior change? A) Avoid social situations that might trigger unhealthy behaviors. B) Cope with high-risk situations without relapsing. C) Weigh the pros and cons of making a change. D) Feel the intensity of temptation in a challenging situation.

B) Cope with high-risk situations without relapsing.

What are 3 factors that reflect the most common types of tempting situations?

Heavy emotional situations Positive Social situations (big celebrations) Cravings (being used to smt in your body)

According to the Transtheoretical Model (TTM), what is a key assumption about behavior change? A) Behavior change is an immediate event. B) Behavior change is a process that unfolds over time. C) Behavior change is only possible with professional intervention. D) Behavior change occurs only in the action stage.

B) Behavior change is a process that unfolds over time.

What does TTM assume about the stages of behavior change? A) Stages are always temporary and not stable. B) Stages are both stable and open to change. C) Stages are rigid and cannot be altered once entered. D) Stages only apply to certain behaviors, not all.

B) Stages are both stable and open to change.

According to TTM, what is true about most at-risk populations? A) They are already prepared to take immediate action. B) They are often not prepared for action. C) They are ready for long-term changes without support. D) They only need minimal intervention to change behavior.

B) They are often not prepared for action.

In TTM, why is it important to emphasize specific processes and principles at different stages? A) To prevent people from relapsing during early stages. B) Because different stages require different interventions and support. C) To ensure that behavior change happens quickly. D) To encourage people to skip stages for faster results.

B) Because different stages require different interventions and support.

According to research on stage distributions of high-risk behaviors, what percentage of U.S. smokers are in the precontemplation stage? A) 20% B) 40% C) 60% D) 80%

B) 40%

What is a key finding related to the pros and cons of behavior change in the TTM? A) The pros and cons stay constant across all stages of change. B) The pros increase and cons decrease as one progresses through the stages. C) The cons always outweigh the pros at the contemplation stage. D) The pros and cons are not significant in decision-making.

B) The pros increase and cons decrease as one progresses through the stages.

How do studies confirm the importance of focusing on the pros and cons of behavior change in TTM? A) By showing that focusing on cons alone leads to faster behavior change. B) By confirming that helping people make better decisions involves focusing on the pros/cons of change. C) By demonstrating that pros and cons are irrelevant in behavior change. D) By emphasizing that only the cons need to be considered for change to occur.

B) By confirming that helping people make better decisions involves focusing on the pros/cons of change.

According to the TTM, what stage distribution is observed among smokers in the U.S.? A) 20% in precontemplation, 40% in contemplation, and 40% in preparation. B) 40% in precontemplation, 40% in contemplation, and 20% in preparation. C) 40% in action, 40% in maintenance, and 20% in contemplation. D) 40% in contemplation, 20% in preparation, and 40% in termination.

B) 40% in precontemplation, 40% in contemplation, and 20% in preparation.

What is the role of self-efficacy in behavior change, according to the TTM? A) It refers to confidence in coping with high-risk situations without relapsing to unhealthy habits. B) It refers to the number of pros listed in the decision-making process. C) It reflects the intensity of urges to engage in unhealthy habits. D) It measures how likely a person is to relapse.

A) It refers to confidence in coping with high-risk situations without relapsing to unhealthy habits.

Temptation in the TTM is defined as: A) The motivation to engage in unhealthy habits. B) The process of making decisions based on pros and cons. C) The intensity of urges to engage in unhealthy behavior during difficult situations. D) The process of increasing self-efficacy during a behavior change.

C) The intensity of urges to engage in unhealthy behavior during difficult situations.

Which of the following is NOT one of the three common factors that reflect tempting situations for behavior change? A) Negative affect or emotional distress. B) Positive social situations. C) Craving. D) Self-approval.

D) Self-approval.

How can people cope more effectively with temptation during behavior change? A) By focusing solely on the cons of the behavior. B) By identifying how they will cope with emotional distress without relying on unhealthy habits. C) By ignoring the intensity of their cravings. D) By increasing their reliance on unhealthy habits during social situations.

B) By identifying how they will cope with emotional distress without relying on unhealthy habits.

In countries with less history of tobacco control campaigns, like Germany and China, what percentage of smokers are in the precontemplation stage? A) About 70% B) About 50% C) About 20% D) About 10%

A) About 70%

In the studies of 12 different behaviors, what pattern was consistently observed regarding the pros and cons of changing across stages? A) Pros increased and cons decreased from precontemplation to action. B) Pros decreased and cons increased from precontemplation to action. C) The pros and cons remained the same across all stages. D) There was no relationship between pros, cons, and stages.

A) Pros increased and cons decreased from precontemplation to action.

What is one of the key findings from studies on the pros and cons of changing across 12 behaviors? A) The pros were always higher than the cons, regardless of the stage. B) The cons of changing were lower in the action stage than in the contemplation stage. C) The cons increased during the contemplation stage. D) The pros and cons did not vary across stages.

B) The cons of changing were lower in the action stage than in the contemplation stage.

What does empirical support suggest about the processes used for behavior change across different behaviors? A) The same processes are applied uniformly across all behaviors. B) The structure of processes is more consistent than the stages of change. C) The processes used to initiate change vary depending on the behavior. D) There is no need to apply different processes for different behaviors.

C) The processes used to initiate change vary depending on the behavior.

What does the empirical evidence suggest about applying reinforcement management, counter-conditioning, and stimulus control during the precontemplation stage? A) These processes are highly effective and should be applied during precontemplation. B) These processes are irrelevant in precontemplation and would be a mistake to apply. C) These processes can only be applied during contemplation. D) These processes should be emphasized in the maintenance stage.

B) These processes are irrelevant in precontemplation and would be a mistake to apply.

What is the term for the increased probability that individuals who take effective action on one behavior are more likely to take action on a secondary behavior? A) Synergy B) Coaction C) Reinforcement D) Counter-conditioning

B) Coaction

According to the concept of coaction, what is likely to happen when someone successfully changes one behavior? A) They will likely abandon all future behavior change efforts. B) They are less likely to take action on secondary behaviors. C) They are more likely to take action on a secondary behavior. D) They will focus only on maintaining the changed behavior.

C) They are more likely to take action on a secondary behavior.

What is a common challenge in changing multiple behaviors simultaneously? A) People are usually too focused on the long-term consequences. B) It is easy to address multiple behaviors at the same time. C) Changing multiple behaviors is hard. D) People rarely make progress in any behavior change.

C) Changing multiple behaviors is hard.

What is the primary goal of Motivational Interviewing (MI)? A) To provide strict instructions for behavioral change B) To enhance intrinsic motivation to change by exploring and resolving ambivalence C) To diagnose and treat mental health conditions D) To use punishment as a method of behavior correction

B) To enhance intrinsic motivation to change by exploring and resolving ambivalence

Which of the following best describes the nature of Motivational Interviewing (MI)? A) Client-centered and directive B) Rigid and prescriptive C) Focused on external rewards D) Therapist-centered and judgmental

A) Client-centered and directive

In Motivational Interviewing (MI), what is the role of the therapist? A) To give direct orders to the client B) To explore and resolve the client’s ambivalence towards change C) To judge the client’s past behavior D) To focus primarily on the client’s negative behaviors

B) To explore and resolve the client’s ambivalence towards change

How should clinicians approach variations in motivation during treatment, according to MI? A) They should ignore the variations in motivation B) They should work against the fluctuations in motivation C) They should be attuned to these variations and work with them D) They should pressure the patient to commit to change immediately

C) They should be attuned to these variations and work with them

According to MI, how does motivation typically behave during treatment? A) Motivation remains constant throughout the treatment B) Motivation may ebb and flow during the course of treatment C) Motivation decreases only after treatment is completed D) Motivation always increases in a linear pattern

B) Motivation may ebb and flow during the course of treatment

What is the central goal of Motivational Interviewing (MI)? A) To force patients into change B) To increase intrinsic motivation to change C) To provide external rewards for change D) To focus on short-term goals only

B) To increase intrinsic motivation to change

Reactance from a patient is less likely when the clinician is: A) Directive and controlling B) Supportive and collaborative C) Dismissive and nonchalant D) Passive and uninvolved

B) Supportive and collaborative

Changes that patients attribute to themselves are more likely to: A) Stick and lead to long-term success B) Be short-term C) Be forgotten quickly D) Be influenced by external factors

A) Stick and lead to long-term success

In Motivational Interviewing, the clinician should resist the "righting reflex," meaning: A) Always provide solutions to the patient's problems B) Actively try to fix the patient's issues immediately C) Avoid giving advice unless asked for it D) Encourage the patient to resist change

C) Avoid giving advice unless asked for it

To understand motivation in a patient, MI emphasizes: A) Telling patients what they should do B) Highlighting discrepancies between their goals and behaviors C) Pushing patients into action quickly D) Ignoring the patient’s feelings

B) Highlighting discrepancies between their goals and behaviors

What is the purpose of reflective listening in Motivational Interviewing? A) To advise the patient on what to do B) To repeat the patient's words back to them without understanding C) To express empathy and accept the patient’s feelings and perspectives D) To challenge the patient’s beliefs directly

C) To express empathy and accept the patient’s feelings and perspectives

How does Motivational Interviewing empower patients? A) By making them feel guilty for their behaviors B) By supporting their belief that they are capable of change and can find solutions C) By telling them what to do and how to do it D) By setting rigid goals and timelines

B) By supporting their belief that they are capable of change and can find solutions

What is the purpose of using open questions in Motivational Interviewing? A) To give the patient limited options to choose from B) To allow the patient to provide more detailed and reflective responses C) To control the conversation and guide the patient toward the therapist's opinion D) To make the patient feel pressured to change

B) To allow the patient to provide more detailed and reflective responses

What is an example of affirmation in Motivational Interviewing? A) "You should quit smoking because it’s bad for your health." B) "I appreciate your willingness to share that with me." C) "You’re not making any progress at all." D) "I can’t believe you haven't changed yet."

B) "I appreciate your willingness to share that with me."

What is the purpose of reflective listening in Motivational Interviewing? A) To challenge the patient’s beliefs B) To paraphrase what the patient said to confirm understanding and show empathy C) To give direct advice to the patient D) To avoid interrupting the patient during their talk

B) To paraphrase what the patient said to confirm understanding and show empathy

What is the purpose of summarizing in Motivational Interviewing? A) To restate the patient’s words in a long, detailed explanation B) To restate and summarize key points to confirm understanding and clarity C) To ignore minor details and focus on the main points only D) To criticize the patient’s actions and behaviors

B) To restate and summarize key points to confirm understanding and clarity

In Motivational Interviewing, what does "collaboration" refer to? A) The therapist dictating what the patient should do B) The therapist working in partnership with the patient C) The patient working alone without any support D) The therapist directing the patient’s every decision

B) The therapist working in partnership with the patient

What does "evocation" in Motivational Interviewing mean? A) Telling the patient exactly what they need to change B) Drawing out ideas and solutions from the patient about their reasons and potential methods for change C) Ignoring the patient’s ideas and focusing only on professional advice D) Giving the patient a set of instructions to follow

B) Drawing out ideas and solutions from the patient about their reasons and potential methods for change

What is the principle of "autonomy" in Motivational Interviewing? A) The therapist makes all decisions for the patient B) The therapist forces the patient to act immediately C) The patient is told exactly what changes to make D) The patient is ultimately responsible for choosing their own path

D) The patient is ultimately responsible for choosing their own path

How do MI practitioners view their role in the change process? A) As the sole authority telling the patient what to do B) As a guide, supporting the patient in finding their own solutions C) As someone who directs the patient on exactly how to behave D) As someone who evaluates the patient’s actions constantly

B) As a guide, supporting the patient in finding their own solutions

What is the most significant limitation of TTM as highlighted in primary prevention studies for substance use in children? A) TTM has proven highly effective in preventing substance use in children B) Prevention trials using TTM have largely failed to produce significant effects C) TTM works best for adolescent smokers but not for other groups D) TTM has been successfully applied to bullying prevention but not substance use prevention

B) Prevention trials using TTM have largely failed to produce significant effects

What challenge does the TTM face when applied to young people who have not yet used substances like tobacco, alcohol, or drugs? A) Most young people are in the preparation stage for substance use B) Most young people are in the precontemplation stage regarding substance use C) Substance use prevention works better for younger children than adolescents D) It is difficult to predict which substances young people will try first

B) Most young people are in the precontemplation stage regarding substance use

T or F: In MI, parents can be helpful but also have some less helpful responses

True Important to balance validating the parents but also pointing out actions which are not helpful