Health, Disease & Development Of Medicines 💉

Question 1

What are antigens

Answer 1

The molecules on the outer surface of all cells and viruses

Question 2

What do antigens do?

Answer 2

They help the body to recognise wether the pathogen is foreign or not

Question 3

How is an immune response triggered

Answer 3

The pathogens are recognised due to the antigens on their outer surface

Question 4

What are Phagocytes

Answer 4

A type of white blood cell

Question 5

What do phagocytes do

Answer 5

They engulf and destroy any pathogen by the process of phagocytosis

Question 6

What are antibodies produced by

Answer 6

Lymphocytes (type of white blood cell)

Question 7

What are the 3 steps in non-specific immune response (PHAGOCYTOSIS)

Answer 7

1. The body recognises the PATHOGEN has entered the body due to its ANTIGENS
2. The PHAGOCYTE engulfs the PATHOGEN
3. The PATHOGEN is destroyed. This is called PHAGOCYTOSIS

Question 8

Recall the 4 steps of a SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSE

Answer 8

1. The body recognises a PATHOGEN has entered the body due to its ANTIGENS
2. Specific LYMPHOCYTES are activated
3. The lymphocytes divide and produce ANTIBODIES
4. The ANTIBODIES attach to the antigens and destroy the pathogen

Question 9

What are memory lymphocytes and what do they do

Answer 9

If the same kind of pathogen tries to infect you again the memory lymphocytes cause a much faster secondary response.
This means you are immune to that specific pathogen

Question 10

What are pathogens

Answer 10

Microorganisms that can spread a disease

Question 11

What are the 4 main pathogens that cause diseases

Answer 11

Bacteria
Fungi
Viruses
Protists

Question 12

What is the difference between a communicable and a non-communicable disease

Answer 12

Clue in the name… Communicable diseases are passed from infected people to other people. Non-communicable diseases are not passed on (they are caused by genes or lifestyle)

Question 13

Non-communicable diseases are usually due to…

Answer 13

Genetic disorder
Poor diet/nutrition
Lifestyle choices (eg: alcohol or drug abuse)

Question 14

Give 2 examples of genetic disorders.

Answer 14

Turner syndrome (a condition that affects women and their development due to a X chromosome missing)
Sickle cell anaemia (malformation of red blood cells meaning haemoglobin levels in the blood are low)

Question 15

Give an example of a disease resulting from lifestyle choices.

Answer 15

Liver disease

Question 16

Give 3 examples of diseases resulting from poor diet/nutrition.

Answer 16

Scurvy - lack of vitamin C - leading to gum disease, anemia and skin problems
Rickets (bone deformities, especially in children due to insufficient calcium - more ‘laitages’ - & vit D (sunlight and oily fish)
Anaemia (low red blood cell count due to insufficient iron levels from nutrition - eat red meat and spinach!)

Question 17

How do you measure the amount of fat on the body?

Answer 17

Using the BMI - body mass index

Question 18

What formula gives a BMI score?

Answer 18

Weight (kg) divided by height^2

Question 19

What is a virus

Answer 19

A pathogen that invades the cells of a human, replicates and releases toxins that makes the person ill.

Question 20

Describe the lytic cycle of a virus

Answer 20

1. Virus attaches to a cell and injects genetic material
2. Viral genetic material forms a circle
3. New viral genetic material and proteins are produced and assembled
4. Cell lyses releasing viruses.

Question 21

Describe the lysogenic cycle of a virus

Answer 21

1. Viral genetic material inserts itself into the bacterial chromosome
   2. Bacteria reproduces normally REPLICATING VIRAL GENETIC MATERIAL at each cell division
2. Cell and viral genetic material may reproduce many times
   (Occasionally the viral genetic material separates from the bacterial chromosome causing a lytic cycle)

Question 22

Give three examples of a viral disease

Answer 22

Measles
HIV
Tobacco mosaic virus

Question 23

Name four ways in which pathogens get into the body

Answer 23

droplet infection
contaminated food or water
through a break in the skin
direct contact

Question 24

What physical barriers does the body and plants have to prevent microorganisms getting in

Answer 24

Body:
Skin
Scabs
Eyelashes
Plants:
Leaf cuticle
Cell wall

Question 25

What chemical defences does the body have to stop microorganisms getting in

Answer 25

Stomach acid- produces acid - low pH- kills microorganisms Tears- contain antibacterial chemicals (lysozymes) Mucus from lungs- traps bacteria and is then coughed up and swallowed - destroyed in the stomach

Question 26

What are polyclonal antibodies

Answer 26

A collection of many different types of antibodies

Question 27

What are monoclonal antibodies

Answer 27

A collection of a single type of antibody that is isolated and cloned

Question 28

Why do scientists use antibodies

Answer 28

Antibodies have specific targets which enables testing for specific molecules

Question 29

What are monoclonal antibodies used for

Answer 29

pregnancy testing kits diagnostic tools for AIDS industrial production of interference (chemical used to treat cancer)

Question 30

How are monoclonal antibodies produced

Answer 30

1. Lymphocytes can divide several times to make clones of itself 2. once it starts to make antibodies it becomes a B lymphocyte and can’t divide anymore 3. To get around this problem a B lymphocyte is fused with a cancer cell creating a HYBRIDOMA 4. Detergent is added to the mixture to break down cell-surface membranes and help both cells to fuse

Question 31

What risk would be associated with injecting monoclonal antibodies from hybridomas into humans?

Answer 31

Because we are using lymphocytes from mice the body may think it is foreign and there may be issues with the immune response

Question 32

What are the symptoms of cardiovascular disease

Answer 32

Chest pain weak arms/legs Breathlessness fatigue swollen limbs

Question 33

How can Cardiovascular disease be treated

Answer 33

A narrowed blood vessel can be widened by inserting a small mesh tube at the narrowest part to hold it open This unblocks the arteries and allows the heart to be supplied with oxygen and nutrients again

Question 34

Define Health

Answer 34

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being

Question 35

What is HIV in simple terms

Answer 35

Destroys white blood cells leading to the onset of AIDS

Question 36

How are STI’s spread

Answer 36

Communicable disease passed through sexual contact

Question 37

How can spread of STI’s be prevented or treated

Answer 37

Contraception methods can be used to prevent Chlamydia can be treated with antibiotics

Question 38

What are the stages in the development of a medicine

Answer 38

Discovery Preclinical testing Tested on animals Tested on healthy human volunteers (stage 1 clinical trials) Tested on diseased human volunteers (stage 2 clinical trials) Administration