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Biology GCSE > Plants 🌱 > Flashcards

Plants 🌱 Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Word equation for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide + water ————> glucose + oxygen

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2
Q

Symbol equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO_2 + 6H_2O ————> C_6H_12O_6 + 6O_2

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3
Q

What is the glucose produced in photosynthesis used for

A

To make starch

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4
Q

What happens when photosynthesis stops

A

Starch is broken down into simpler substances which are moved into the cytoplasm and used to make SUCROSE

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5
Q

What is sucrose used to make

A

Starch
Other molecules for the plant (eg. Cellulose lipids or proteins)
glucose for respiration (to release energy)

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6
Q

Is photosynthesis endothermic or exothermic

A

Endothermic

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7
Q

What are the 4 key features in the structure of a leaf

A

Wide and flat
Lots of veins
Stomata on the underside
Thin

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8
Q

How does leaves being adapted to be THIN help the plant

A

Gases can reach cells easily

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9
Q

How does leaves being adapted to have STOMATA on the underside help the plant

A

Allows gas exchange 

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10
Q

How does leaves being adapted to be WIDE AND FLAT help the plant

A

Large surface area and absorbs as much light as possible

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11
Q

How does leaves being adapted to have many VIENS help the plant

A

Carry water to the cells and carry glucose away

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12
Q

What is the waxy cuticle

A

The covering on plant leaves to help to plant retain water (water proof)

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13
Q

What is the epidermis

A

Provides a protective layer against injury water loss & infection
Also thin & transparent to allow light to enter

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14
Q

What is the Palaside layer

A

Tightly packed layer of cells beneath the cuticle and upper epidermis
Contains the majority of chloroplasts which use chlorophyll to perform photosynthesis

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15
Q

What is the spongy Mesophyll

A

They are covered by a thin layer of water.
Gases dissolve in this water as they move in and out of cells

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16
Q

What is the vascular bundle

A

Network of veins (xylem and phloem) which support the structure of the leaf and transport substances to and from the cells

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17
Q

What are the stomata and guard cells

A

Stomata are pores in the epidermis that function as gateways linking internal and external gases. Guard cells control wether the stomata are opened or closed

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18
Q

What happens to guard cells in the daytime

A

Stomata are open to enable gas exchange as the guard cells have taken in water by osmosis and are TURGID

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19
Q

What happens to the guard cells at night

A

Stomata are closed to prevent water loss. This is because the guard cells have lost water by osmosis and are FLACCID

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20
Q

How does increasing light intensity affect the rate of photosynthesis

A

It increases the rate of photosynthesis until a limiting factor becomes short in supply

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21
Q

How does the amount of CO2 concentration affect the rate of photosynthesis

A

If the rate of CO2 increases the rate of photosynthesis will also increase

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22
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis

A

Chemical reactions involved in photosynthesis are controlled by enzymes.
As the temperature increases collisions between enzyme and a substrate increase and therefore so does the rate of photosynthesis.
At high temperatures enzymes become DENATURED and this will decrease the rate of photosynthesis

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23
Q

Light intensity is measured as 600 Lux at a distance of 20 cm from a lamp
Calculate the light intensity at a point 40cm away from the lamp

A

So you are doubling (x2) the distance…
Therefore the light intensity is 1/4 (1/2^2) the original
New light intensity = 600÷4 = 150 lux

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24
Q

What is the function of the xylem vessel

A

Carries water and minerals

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25
What is the function of the phloem vessel
Carries dissolved sugars
26
Describe the structure of a xylem vessel
Hollow tubes
27
Describe the structure of a phloem vessel
Tubes have sieve plates
28
Is a xylem vessel dead or alive
Dead
29
Is a phloem vessel dead or alive
Alive
30
How is the xylem vessel supported
Thickened with cellulose and lignin
31
How is a phloem vessel supported
Companion cells provide energy for active transport
32
Define translocation
Movement of dissolved sugars UP & DOWN the plant through PHLOEM
33
Define transpiration
Movement of water UP the XYLEM vessel
34
List the steps in transpiration
Water in soil ——->root hair cells ——->xylem ——->leaf veins ——->stomata by osmosis. by osmosis. by evaporation
35
What is controlled by hormones in plants
Growth- roots & shoots, seed germination, leaf fall, disease resistance, fruit formation & ripening, flowering time and bud formation
36
What is a tropism
How plants respond to their environment
37
What is positive phototropism
The plant grows towards the light this happens at the shoot tip
38
What is negative phototropism 
Where the plant grows away from the light this happens at the roots
39
What is plant growth called when gravity is the stimulus
Gravitropism or geotropism
40
What is plant growth called when light is the stimulus
Phototropism
41
What is positive gravitropism
Where the plant grows in the direction of gravity this happens at the roots
42
What is negative gravitropism
Where the plant grows opposing gravity this happens at the shoot tips
43
What are auxins
One of the hormones used by plants for growth and are produced in the shoot tip
44
How do auxins effect the roots and shoots of the plant
In the shoots ANY concentration promotes growth At the root high concentration inhibits growth, small concentration promotes growth
45
What are gibberellins
Plant hormones which are naturally released inside the seed to start germination
46
What do Gibberellins do
Flower growers can override photoperiodism. They do this by spraying the plants with gibberellins
47
What is photoperiodism 
Response of an organism to the number of daylight hours Some plants use this to flower at a certain time eg. When pollinators are not around
48
How are gibberellins useful to us
Can cause some plants to produce seedless fruits They can also be sprayed on some plants to make them produce bigger fruits
49
What are minerals used for in plants
To build the complex molecules they need from minerals
50
What are minerals used for in animals
Need very few minerals
51
How are minerals absorbed
The concentration of minerals in the soil is very low. They dissolve in water and move around the soil in solution
52
How are root hair cells adapted to absorb water
Osmosis- they have a large surface area thin walls and are close to the xylem cells for transporting water up the plant
53
What is transpiration
The movement of water through and out of a plant
54
What is the transpiration rate
The rate at which water escapes through the plant
55
How does temperature affect transpiration rate
The warmer it is the faster the water evaporates from the leaves
56
How does humidity affect the transpiration rate
The lower the humidity the faster the water evaporates
57
How does wind speed affect the rate of transpiration
The windier it is the faster moist air is taken away from the leaf surface
58
How does light intensity affect the transpiration rate
Transpiration is faster when the stomata are open in the light
59
What adaptations do desert plants have to survive extreme conditions
Thick waxy cuticle - less water loss by evaporation Small leaves - reduced surface area for water loss Spines - reduced surface area / deters animals from eating for water Fleshy/swollen stem - collects and stores water
60
What are auxins used for commercially
Rooting powders and weed killing

Biology GCSE (17 decks)

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