Health Professionals Highlights

Question 1

List 5 important criteria health professionals need to meet to attain their credentials

Answer 1

1) Meet admission criteria
2) Successful completion of coursework requirements
3) Demonstrate competency through examinations (PANCE/PANRE)
4) Official Recognition of Educational Program (ARC-PA)
5) Registry, certification, and/or licensure.

Question 2

1) More recently, medical education and practice have _____________.
2) Where was the first PA program?
3) What year did the first PA class graduate?

Answer 2

1) formalized
2) Duke
3) 1967

Question 3

Until the early 1900s, education and practice for medical professionals was through an _____________ system and _____________ training without standardized education and testing.

Answer 3

apprentice; informal

Question 4

A health professional is someone who has successfully completed the _____________ to attain a recognized credential that qualifies that person to deliver _________________.

Answer 4

requirements; care to patients

Question 5

PAs are examples of _______________ health professionals

Answer 5

clinical

Question 6

What are the 2 kinds of allied health professionals?

Answer 6

1) Graduate-level trained
2) Associate’s degree trained

Question 7

How is a profession created and maintained? (2 things)

Answer 7

Accreditation and credentialing

Question 8

1) Accreditation is process that evaluates __________________ and sets standards for educational and training institutions.
2) This is done through a regularly scheduled ____________________ and an _________ review

Answer 8

1) institutions
2) institutional self-stud; outside

Question 9

Give an example of accreditation

Answer 9

The accrediting body for PA education is the ARC-PA (Accreditation Review Commission for Education of the Physician Assistant)

Question 10

The maximum length of time between comprehensive evaluations for:
1) established PA programs is ______ years.
2) established clinical postgraduate PA programs is ______ years.
3) a PA program completing a period of probation is 8 years.

Answer 10

1) 10
2) 10
3) 8

Question 11

The ___________ process helps to:
1) continuously evaluate and improve their processes and outcomes
2) helps prospective students identify ideal programs
protects programs from internal and external pressures to make changes
3) involves faculty and staff in comprehensive program evaluation and planning
4) stimulates self-improvement by setting national standards

Answer 11

The Accreditation Process

Question 12

1) What level of evaluation and qualifications is credentialing?
2) Credentialing often takes the form of a _________ such as through a formal exam.

Answer 12

1) Individual
2) certification

Question 13

1) Certification often prerequisite for ___________ (a state governmental function)
2) Certification is required to ___________ as a specific healthcare provider

Answer 13

1) Licensure
2) practice

Question 14

From the Welch-Rose Report (1915), what was established as first graduate school of public health (1916)?

(emphasized in class, def on the quiz)

Answer 14

Johns Hopkins University

Question 15

Masters of Public Health (MPH) has a _________ core

Answer 15

generalist

Question 16

PhD, DrPH are the 2 types of doctorate degrees available for what?

Answer 16

Public Health

Question 17

Undergraduate public health programs
1) National Academy of Medicine (2003) recommended all ____________ have access to public health education
2) 100th anniversary of the Welch-Rose Report (2015) led to what?
3) What report did this produce?

Answer 17

1) undergrads
2) Framing the Future Task Force: Second Hundred Years of Education for Public Health
3) Community College and Public Health Report

Question 18

Community College and Public Health Report (2014)

Answer 18

Health Navigation education

Question 19

Today, _______ public health education includes:
Degree programs at community colleges and four-year colleges
Master’s and doctoral level degrees

Answer 19

formal

Question 20

Formal Public Health accreditation of public health schools and programs by ________________

Answer 20

Council on Education for Public Health (CEPH)

Question 21

Give an example of an individual certification in public health and who offers it

Answer 21

Certification in Public Health (CPH) exam; National Board of Public Health Examiners

Question 22

True or false: Anyone who enrolled in or completed a Council on Education in Public Health accredited Master’s program OR completed an undergraduate degree and have relevant public health experience can sit the CPH exam

Answer 22

True

Question 23

What are the 2 main models of Education and Training Process for Physicians?

Answer 23

Allopathic (MD) vs Osteopathic (DO)

Question 24

What are 2 important recent MD/ DO education changes?

Answer 24

Hospice and palliative care recently added
Subspecialty certification for hospitalists (peds and adults)

Question 25

1910 Flexnor Report caused what?

Answer 25

Flexnor era of US Medicine

Question 26

Changes in medical education began in the mid ______________

Answer 26

mid-1980s

Question 27

The Education and training process for nurses is governed by its own laws in the “__________________"

Answer 27

"nursing practice acts”

Question 28

Give examples of different titles of the nursing practice acts

Answer 28

Certified Nursing Assistants (CNA) Licensed practical nurses (LPN) Registered Nurses (RN) Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) Academic research-based doctoral degree (PhD) Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs)

Question 29

Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs) include who?

Answer 29

1) Doctor of Nurse Practice (DNP) 2) Nurse midwives (CNM) 3) Nurse anesthetists (CRNA); to be replaced with Doctoral degree beginning in 2025 4) Clinical Nurse Specialists (CNS)

Question 30

Today, everyone has a role in public health, including who?

Answer 30

1) Pharmacists 2) Dentists and dental assistants/hygienists 3) Primary care specialists, NPs, and PAs are the front lines of clinical prevention 4) All clinicians have the right and responsibility to advocate for patient care and health system improvements -Example: pediatricians view advocacy as a core responsibility of the profession

Question 31

1) ________________ specialists, NPs, and PAs are the front lines of clinical prevention 2) All clinicians have the right and responsibility to advocate for what? 3) Pediatricians view ____________ as a core responsibility of the profession

Answer 31

1) Primary care 2) patient care and health system improvements 3) advocacy

Question 32

Compensation depends on what what 3 general things?

Answer 32

1) Site 2) Insurance 3) Type of institution

Question 33

Medicare covers services that PAs provide at ______% of the physician fee when billed under the PAs NPI number.

Answer 33

85%

Question 34

Concierge practice is a yearly membership charging pts several thousand dollars for 1 on 1 care; is this covered by insurance?

Answer 34

No

Question 35

Without incident-to billing, a non-physician practitioner is reimbursed only ____% the physician fee

Answer 35

85%

Question 36

List 4 Areas of Shortages of Healthcare Professionals in the US

Answer 36

1) Primary Care Physicians 2) Dentists 3) Nursing 4) BURNOUT

Question 37

True or false: demand for positions in medical schools far exceeds the supply

Answer 37

True (true in PA schools also)

Question 38

Give 2 examples of inpatient facilities

Answer 38

Hospitals Long term care facilities

Question 39

What are the 2 main types of healthcare institutions?

Answer 39

Inpatient and outpatient

Question 40

Today, all Hospitals share some common features; ex: all are ____________ by the state and usually ___________ by a national organization (ie The Joint Commission)

Answer 40

licensed; accredited

Question 41

What are 3 categories of hospitals

Answer 41

-General vs Specialty -Nonprofit vs For-profit -Offer Inpatient and Outpatient services

Question 42

List and describe the 3 main types of non-profit hospitals

Answer 42

1) **Private nonprofit:** often religious 2) **State, local, or federal government-owned Federal:** VA hospitals and military hospital system 3) **Run by institutions/universities:** ex: Academic health center

Question 43

Give an example of a non-profit hospital system

Answer 43

Department of Veteran Affairs (VA)

Question 44

As of 2019, VA enrollees can obtain medical care outside the VA system if their wait for the VA exceeds what?

Answer 44

14 days (previously 30) AND the VA will cover the costs

Question 45

HCA (based in Nashville) is an example of a ______________ hospital

Answer 45

for-profit

Question 46

Give examples of Long-term care facilities

Answer 46

1) Skilled nursing facilities (SNF) 2) Nursing homes 3) Assisted living and dementia care 4) Hospice care

Question 47

Health Centers Consolidation Act of 1996 combined community health centers with healthcare services for migrants, the homeless, and residents of public housing to consolidate (aka __________ grantees)

Answer 47

330

Question 48

List 3 types of outpatient facilities and examples of each

Answer 48

1) **Clinical facilities**: Provider clinics, Community Health Centers 2) **Diagnostic testing**: Outpatient radiology 3) **Therapeutic facilities**: PT, OT

Question 49

**Health Centers Consolidation Act of 1996** combined community health centers with healthcare services for migrants, the homeless, and residents of _________ housing to consolidate (aka _________ grantees)

Answer 49

public (aka 330 grantees)

Question 50

Quality can be assessed by what 3 measures?

Answer 50

Structure, process, and outcome

Question 51

1) Structure is the physical and organizational _____________ in which care is delivered. 2) Process = the ___________ and _________________ that go into delivering care. 3) Outcome measures refer to a focus on the ____________ of the care provided

Answer 51

1) infrastructure 2) procedures and formal processes [ex: credentialing process] 3) result

Question 52

Concept of quality differs: 1) ____________ may focus on structure 2) Clinicians and pts may focus on what? 3) Who may focus on outcome?

Answer 52

1) Administrators -ex: the availability of operating rooms 2) Process ex: technical competence of providers; personal relationships and personal satisfaction 3) External reviewers Example: the number of lives saved

Question 53

National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) says ____________ and ____________ of healthcare delivery are key to the efficiency and quality of care provided.

Answer 53

coordination and integration

Question 54

There is increasing confusion and _____________ of healthcare in the US, so_________________________ connects inpatient and outpatient services to provide a coordinated system of care.

Answer 54

inefficiency; healthcare delivery systems

Question 55

Efforts to integrate the healthcare system include what 2 things?

Answer 55

1) Integrated healthcare delivery systems 2) Integrated EMRs

Question 56

1) $20 billion allocated in 2009-2010 for a national system of what? 2) What were there concerns abt?

Answer 56

1) EHRs 2) Privacy, ordering excessive tests/labs

Question 57

1) What was built on the one-to-one continuity of patient and provider? 2) Coordination is sought between what 2 groups of two things?

Answer 57

1) Primary care 2) Institutions and settings + healthcare delivery and public health functions

Question 58

The goal of coordination is to formally link what 3 things?

Answer 58

Institutions, services, and information (requires financial coordination)

Question 59

Coordination of routine care has proven to be ___________ challenging than emergent care

Answer 59

more

Question 60

Care coordination in emergencies: Emergency response system is an example of a care coordination ___________ .

Answer 60

success

Question 61

What are the 2 types of errors?

Answer 61

Individual errors Systems errors

Question 62

1) What did focus shift from and to? 2) Explain it & what it's built on

Answer 62

1) Focus shifted from errors (individual) to safety (system) 2) “A culture of safety”; built on trust, accountability, and transparency

Question 63

List 2 benefits of the Patient Safety movement following the To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System Report (2000)

Answer 63

1) Limited legal liability 2) Investigating recovery patterns for improvement

Question 64

Steps needed to build a culture of safety:

Answer 64

1. Leadership 2. Transparency 3. Errors 4. Near-misses/Good catches 5. Continual assessment

Question 65

Medical Malpractice: 1) Is part of _______ law, so cases decided by ________ based on ___________ of the evidence. 2) Builds on what type of law intended to protect an individual from harm?

Answer 65

1) civil; jury; preponderance 2) Negligence

Question 66

Considered medical malpractice only if the patient can establish **all** four criteria, which are what?

Answer 66

1) A duty was owed 2) A duty was breached 3) The breach caused injury 4) Damages occurred

Question 67

Keystone ICU project

Answer 67

1) Intervention: A short checklist of best practices related to catheter use 2) Outcome: Incidence dropped to <20% of previous infections