HEALTH PROMOTION AND PROBLEMS OF THE INFANT AND FAMILY: Flashcards
Biologic development
Proportional changes
- Weight gain is 5 to 7 ounces per week
- Double the birth weight by age 6 months
- Triple the birth weight by age 1 year
- Height increases by 1 inch per month for 6 months
- Double the length by age 1 year
- Growth occurs in spurts rather than in a gradual pattern
Infant Fine Motor Movement:
- 2-3 mo-Grasp Object
- 4-6 mo- palmer grasp, mouth objects.
- 6-8mo- Transfer objects from one hand to another, bang objects
- 8-10 mo- Pincer grasp
- 10-12mo- Hold crayon, put objects into containers through holes. Build Towers
Infant Gross Motor Milestone:
- 1-2 mo-Head lag present
- 4 mo- hold head up and use forearms for support-
- 6 mo- sit using hands for support, turn from abdomen to back
- 7-8 mo- sit alone & crawl
- 10mo- move from prone to sitting position
- 11 mo- walk with assist
- 12-15 mo- walk alone
Head control:
1 month: complete head lag, momentarily lifts head
2 months: partial head lag
4 months: almost no head lag, lifts head and chest 90°, bears wait on forearms
6 months: can lift head, chest and upper abdomen, can bear weight on hands
- this position facilitates, turning from abd to back
Sitting
1 month: back is completely rounded, no ability to sit upright
2 months: back is still rounded, but infant can try to pull up with some has control
7 months: infant can sit alone, leaning on hands for support, able to transfer objects
8 months: sits without support
Cognitive Development- Piaget
Infant?
Sensorimotor stage
- Child learns through separation, object, permanence, and ability to use symbols
- Learn about the world through senses, seeing, hearing, touching, smelling, tasting.
- He has to learn to see himself as a separate entity from the environment, objects have permanence , even if out of sight, to see in symbols. He can think of an object without experiencing it.
- This is the beginning of understanding time and space. Has to have some understanding of cause and effect, and how they can make things happen.
6 stages of sensorimotor
- Stage one: Use of reflexes - birth to 1 month:
- Stage two: Primary circular reactions (repetition)- 1-4 months:
- Stage three: Secondary circular reactions (cause and effect) - 4-8 months:
- Stage 4: Coordination of secondary schemes: 8-12 mo:
- Stage 5: Tertiary, circular reactions (Experimentation): 12-18 months:
- Stage 6: Mental Combinations, (Language Development) 18 to 24 mo
Stage one: Use of reflexes - birth to 1 month:
reflexive, such as routing, sucking, and grasping, stimulates the infant sense of touch, smell and vision. These are survival reflexes. These pave the way for the first learning to occur.
Stage two: Primary circular reactions (repetition)- 1-4 months:
- replacement of reflexive behavior with voluntary acts. Once something brings pleasure, he will repeat the behavior.
- Responding to people. If the infant reflexively grasps a toy, and it makes noise and it is interesting to look at, he will try to grasp it again.
Stage three: Secondary circular reactions (cause and effect) - 4-8 months:
- here the infant is beginning to realize cause and effect.
— Like he knows, when the preparation for feeding is. - Rattles if you shake it and makes noise if you bang it.
- He recognizes objects, but out of sight out of mind.
- After six months infants use imagination to repeat sounds and similar behaviors.
- They play during this period, sensorimotor play. (Spends more time in a sitting up position.)
Stage 4: Coordination of secondary schemes: 8-12 mo:
- This is where you see intentional behavior.
- Get object permanence: they know that something is there even if they cannot see it, they can find it.
- Somewhere between 6-8 months they develop object permanence and this affects parental separation attachment.
— this also contributes to beginning of intellectual development. (Object permanency) also recognize caregiver and stranger. Familiar object, blanket or favorite toy.
Stage 5: Tertiary, circular reactions (Experimentation): 12-18 months:
- important to develop language.
- This is the child who is exploring, experimenting to achieve, previous unattainable goals, they are understanding that objects have permanence (they can find an object, but only in the first place it is hidden.
- They are differentiating self from objects [now can venture from parents for short periods].
- Has some traces of memory.
- Are able to insert objects into round holes
fits nesting toys together, and has a high curiosity. - They are starting to see casual relationships between two events like switching on the light from the switch
— they can do it maybe with that one switch, but do not realize the other switches will do the same thing. That is why they do it over and over and then move to a new one and have to repeat it several times.
— This is why outlets are such a danger even if they are shocked, they will go on poking others.
— This leaves the toddler, particularly vulnerable to injuries. For example, if they find their toys stored in a large garbage pail or basket, they do not see the difference between the trash basket and the toy basket so they will play in the trash.
— Domestic mimicry means they imitate cleaning.
Language Development:
- Crying is the first verbal communication
- Vocalizations by 6 weeks
- Coo, gurgle, laugh aloud at 3 to 4 months
- Imitate sounds and add consonants at 8 months
- Comprehend “No”; follow commands at 9 to 10 months
- Ascribe meaning to 1 word at 10 to 11 months
- 3 to 5 words with meaning by age 1 year
Erickson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development:
Infants:
Age?
Nursing interventions
- trust vs. mistrust- birth to 1 yr
Nursing Interventions: - comfort and provide physical needs, effective pain management, encourage parents to room in
Temperaments of Children:
Easy:
- Positive, regular,adapts, low intensity reaction, gets along well with others.
Slow to Warm Up:
- Withdraw from new stimuli ,slow to adapt, low intensity
Difficult:
- Negative, irregular, slow to adapt, withdraws from new stimuli, high intensity of reaction
